{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:02:26Z","timestamp":1790125346447,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus discovered in 2001 in the Netherlands. Studies have identified HMPV as an important causative agent of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. There are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against HMPV. However, several research groups have tested vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies in various animal models. Several of these approaches have shown promise in animal models. This minireview summarizes the current therapies used to treat HMPV infection as well as different approaches for immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00230-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T02:01:58Z","timestamp":1433988118000},"page":"858-866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["New Approaches for Immunization and Therapy against Human Metapneumovirus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sherry C.","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John V.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/89098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.22.2489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01133-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801433106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01381-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06706-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02584-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03261-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2013.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00015-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.5852-5864.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.520-526.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.6588-6597.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.20.11259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.031097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01688-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.6927-6937.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83084-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.030009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v5010087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0105-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9315-9319.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00318-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00699-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00153-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.774-777.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16184","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i43.16184","article-title":"Ribavirin induced hemolysis: a novel mechanism of action against chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Soota K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soota K, Maliakkal B. 2014. Ribavirin induced hemolysis: a novel mechanism of action against chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 20:16184\u201316190.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07654.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3182915d2d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/003301-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311183292102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00454-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00844-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00106-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12442"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.2186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01243-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00793-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-015-2277-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-004-2192-8","article-title":"RNA interference: the molecular immune system","volume":"35","author":"Bagasra O","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bagasra O, Prilliman KR. 2004. RNA interference: the molecular immune system. J Mol Histol 35:545\u2013553.","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801300603","article-title":"Inhibition of human metapneumovirus replication by small interfering RNA","volume":"13","author":"Deffrasnes C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deffrasnes C, Cavanagh MH, Goyette N, Cui K, Ge Q, Seth S, Templin MV, Quay SC, Johnson PH, Boivin G. 2008. Inhibition of human metapneumovirus replication by small interfering RNA. Antivir Ther 13:821\u2013832.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1967.03130250057008","article-title":"Altered reactivity to measles virus. Atypical measles in children previously immunized with inactivated measles virus vaccines","volume":"202","author":"Fulginiti VA","year":"1967","unstructured":"Fulginiti VA, Eller JJ, Downie AW, Kempe CH. 1967. Altered reactivity to measles virus. Atypical measles in children previously immunized with inactivated measles virus vaccines. JAMA 202:1075\u20131080.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1894"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83250-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00030-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7207-7213.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8248784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01076-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00384-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00332-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/002022-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.12877-12887.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03488-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00876-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00145-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03491-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.20.10819-10828.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.24.15114-15122.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015396-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/526536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.2034-2044.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02423-06"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00230-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00230-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T13:41:17Z","timestamp":1748439677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00230-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"C. J.","family":"Papasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00230-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00230-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}