{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:59:43Z","timestamp":1773295183206,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lymphatic filarial disease is known to be associated with elevated Th1 responses and normal or diminished Th2 responses to parasite-specific antigens. The roles of Th17 cells and the recently described Th22 cells have not been examined in detail in either filarial infection itself or in filarial disease (e.g., lymphedema and elephantiasis). To explore the roles of Th17 and Th22 cells and their subsets, we examined the frequencies of these cells in individuals with filarial lymphedema (chronic pathology [CP]), in clinically asymptomatic infected (INF) individuals, and in uninfected (UN) individuals<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>and in response to parasite and nonparasite antigens. Those with disease (CP) had significantly expanded frequencies of Th17 and Th22 cells, compared with either INF or UN individuals, at baseline (<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>) and in response to parasite antigens. This antigen-driven expansion of Th17 and Th22 cells was dependent on interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-23, and, to lesser extent, transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), as blockade of any of these cytokines resulted in significantly diminished frequencies of Th17 and Th22 cells. Our findings, therefore, suggest that filarial parasite-driven expansion of Th17 and Th22 cells is associated with the pathogenesis of filarial infections and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00257-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T00:28:50Z","timestamp":1399508930000},"page":"960-965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Interleukin 1 (IL-1)- and IL-23-Mediated Expansion of Filarial Antigen-Specific Th17 and Th22 Cells in Filarial Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Jovvian","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Paul","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073737_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.007","article-title":"The many faces of Th17 cells","volume":"23","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242741","article-title":"Human Th17 subsets","volume":"42","author":"Sallusto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.024","article-title":"Th22 cells are an important source of IL-22 for host protection against enteropathogenic bacteria","volume":"37","author":"Basu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"key20180919073737_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.736497","article-title":"Th22 and related cytokines in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"17","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"key20180919073737_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12035","article-title":"The Th17 family: flexibility follows function","volume":"252","author":"Basu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control: fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis","volume":"821","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992","journal-title":"World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.3.659","article-title":"The immunodeficient scid mouse as a model for human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"173","author":"Nelson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90029-J","article-title":"Histopathology of Brugia malayi-infected nude mice after immune-reconstitution","volume":"49","author":"Vickery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B9","first-page":"633","article-title":"Predominant CD8+ infiltrate in limb biopsies of individuals with filarial lymphedema and elephantiasis","volume":"53","author":"Freedman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1756","article-title":"Biased TCR repertoire in infiltrating lesional T cells in human bancroftian filariasis","volume":"162","author":"Freedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/427658","article-title":"Chemokine receptors of T cells and of B cells in lymphatic filarial infection: a role for CCR9 in pathogenesis","volume":"191","author":"Babu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.2901","article-title":"Very late antigen-4\/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VLA-4\/VCAM-1) pathway is involved in the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes in bancroftian filariasis","volume":"156","author":"Freedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B13","first-page":"77","article-title":"Lymphocyte subpopulations in bancroftian filariasis: activated (DR+) CD8+ T cells in patients with chronic lymphatic obstruction","volume":"77","author":"Lal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112982","article-title":"Parasite-specific anergy in human filariasis: insights after analysis of parasite antigen-driven lymphokine production","volume":"79","author":"Nutman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000420","article-title":"Filarial lymphedema is characterized by antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory responses and a lack of regulatory T cells","volume":"3","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0346-4","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease","volume":"34","author":"Babu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.5.1034","article-title":"Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment","volume":"158","author":"Lal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"376","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180919073737_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2807","article-title":"Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease","volume":"18","author":"Wynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092121","article-title":"Bleomycin and IL-1\u03b2-mediated pulmonary fibrosis is IL-17A dependent","volume":"207","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902446","article-title":"Role of T cell TGF\u03b2 signaling and IL-17 in allograft acceptance and fibrosis associated with chronic rejection","volume":"183","author":"Faust","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2009.06.001","article-title":"IL-17 induces myocardial fibrosis and enhances RANKL\/OPG and MMP\/TIMP signaling in isoproterenol-induced heart failure","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2011.594","article-title":"IL-17 expression is correlated with hepatitis B-related liver diseases and fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis654","article-title":"T-helper 17 cells are associated with pathology in human schistosomiasis","volume":"207","author":"Mbow","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.6.3920","article-title":"Severe CD4 T cell-mediated immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis is dependent on IL-12p40 and correlates with high levels of IL-17","volume":"175","author":"Rutitzky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003243","article-title":"IL-17 mediates immunopathology in the absence of IL-10 following Leishmania major infection","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez-Lombana","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0713598","article-title":"IL-17 promotes progression of cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible mice","volume":"182","author":"Lopez Kostka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis640","article-title":"Association of a NOD2 gene polymorphism and T-helper 17 cells with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"207","author":"Dutra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4176","article-title":"Therapeutic opportunities of the IL-22-IL-22R1 system","volume":"13","author":"Sabat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40202","article-title":"Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling","volume":"119","author":"Eyerich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9878-1","article-title":"Th22, but not Th17 might be a good index to predict the tissue involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9540-8","article-title":"Elevated Th22 cells correlated with Th17 cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002749","article-title":"Circulating microbial products and acute phase proteins as markers of pathogenesis in lymphatic filarial disease","volume":"8","author":"Anuradha","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"key20180919073737_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12036","article-title":"Th17 cell development: from the cradle to the grave","volume":"252","author":"Zuniga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00257-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T23:14:22Z","timestamp":1689203662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00257-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"P. P.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00257-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00257-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]}}}