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However, a recent study demonstrated a lower incidence of bacteremia-related death among carriers than among noncarriers, raising the question whether the adaptive immune system plays a protective role. In fact,\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            carriers mount a highly specific neutralizing antibody response against superantigens of their colonizing strains. We now used 2-dimensional immunoblotting to investigate the profiles of antibodies from healthy individuals against\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            extracellular proteins. Moreover, we tested whether symptom-free experimental colonization of these individuals with an\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strain of low virulence, 8325-4, is sufficient to induce an antibody response. Sera obtained before and 4 weeks after colonization were screened for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody binding to extracellular staphylococcal proteins. At baseline, most volunteers harbored IgG directed against conserved virulence factors, including alpha-hemolysin (Hla), beta-hemolysin (Hlb), phospholipase C (Plc), staphylococcal serine protease (SspA), and cysteine protease (SspB). However, the variability of spot patterns and intensities was striking and could be important in case of infection. Experimental nasal colonization with\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            8325-4 did not elicit new antibodies or boost the humoral response. Thus, the high antibody prevalence in humans is likely not induced by short-term nasal colonization, and presumably minor infections are required to trigger anti-\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            antibody responses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00263-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,17]],"date-time":"2009-09-17T01:47:04Z","timestamp":1253152024000},"page":"1607-1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Human Immune Proteome in Experimental Colonization with\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Silva","family":"Holtfreter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thu Hoai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiman","family":"Wertheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Steil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Kusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quoc Phong","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Vo\u0308lker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"van Belkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Bro\u0308ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0602-7","volume":"28","year":"2009","unstructured":"Acton, D. S., M. J. Plat-Sinnige, W. van Wamel, N. de Groot, and A. van Belkum. 2009. Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact? Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.28:115-127.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S344","DOI":"10.1086\/533590","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boucher, H. W., and G. R. Corey. 2008. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Infect. Dis.46:S344-S349.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00858.x","volume":"9","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burlak, C., C. H. Hammer, M. A. Robinson, A. R. Whitney, M. J. McGavin, B. N. Kreiswirth, and F. R. Deleo. 2007. 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