{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:15:31Z","timestamp":1779894931338,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The outcome of coccidioidomycosis depends on a robust specific cellular immune response. A T-helper type 1 (Th1) cellular immune response has been previously associated with resolution of clinical illness. However, the precise elements of this response and whether cytokines not involved with the Th1 response play a role in coccidioidomycosis are not known. Whole-blood samples were obtained from subjects with active coccidioidomycosis and controls and incubated for 18 h with T27K, a coccidioidal antigen preparation. The supernatant was then assayed for gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A. A total of 43 subjects, 16 with acute pneumonia, 9 with pulmonary sequelae of nodules and cavities, and 18 with nonmeningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis, were studied. Compared to concentrations in healthy immune and nonimmune donors, the median concentration of IL-17A was significantly higher in those with active coccidioidomycosis (for both,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). In addition, IL-6 concentrations were higher while IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 concentrations were significantly lower in those with nonmeningeal disseminated disease diagnosed within 12 months than in those with acute pneumonia (for all,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05). The cytokine profile among patients with active coccidioidomycosis is distinct in that IL-17A is persistently present. In addition, those with nonmeningeal disseminated disease have an increased inflammatory cytokine response and diminished Th1 responses that modulate over time.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00280-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,4]],"date-time":"2015-06-04T11:25:39Z","timestamp":1433417139000},"page":"917-922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cytokine Profiles from Antigen-Stimulated Whole-Blood Samples among Patients with Pulmonary or Nonmeningeal Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Ampel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Research Services, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance A.","family":"Nesbit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Research Services, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Research Services, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzette","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Research Services, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Pappagianis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3730-3_6","article-title":"Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"2","author":"Pappagianis D","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pappagianis D. 1988. Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis. Curr Top Med Mycol 2:199\u2013238.","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Mycol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.12.1394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"559","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis. Part I","volume":"117","author":"Drutz DJ","year":"1978","unstructured":"Drutz DJ, Catanzaro A. 1978. Coccidioidomycosis. Part I. 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