{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:02:02Z","timestamp":1771916522978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, the laboratory diagnosis of human fascioliasis is based on the parasitological examination of parasite eggs in stool specimens and serological detection of specific antibodies in serum samples, which are often unreliable diagnostic approaches. Ideally, a sensitive and specific diagnostic test for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Fasciola<\/jats:named-content>infection should be based on the detection of circulating<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Fasciola<\/jats:named-content>antigen, which implies active infection. Here, a 27-kDa-molecular-mass antigen was identified in a<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Fasciola gigantica<\/jats:named-content>adult worm antigen preparation, excretory-secretory products, and sera from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">F. gigantica<\/jats:named-content>-infected individuals, and it was not detected in antigenic extracts of other parasites and sera from noninfected individuals. The target antigen was isolated and partially characterized as a protein. Immunoperoxidase staining located the target epitope within teguments and guts of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">F. gigantica<\/jats:named-content>adult worms. The performance characteristics of a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">F. gigantica<\/jats:named-content>circulating antigen detection in serum (FgCA-27 ELISA) were investigated using sera of 120 parasitologically diagnosed<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">F. gigantica<\/jats:named-content>-infected individuals and 80 noninfected individuals. The area under the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for ELISA was significantly high (AUC = 0.961,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.0001) for discriminating<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Fasciola<\/jats:named-content>-infected and noninfected individuals. The developed assay showed high degrees of sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency (&gt;93%), and a significant correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.715,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.0001) between antigen level and parasite egg count was shown. In conclusion, a 27-kDa<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Fasciola<\/jats:named-content>antigen was identified in sera of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">F. gigantica<\/jats:named-content>-infected individuals. A highly sensitive and specific<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Fasciola<\/jats:named-content>antigen detection assay, FgCA-27 ELISA, was developed for laboratory diagnosis of human fascioliasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00305-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]],"date-time":"2013-08-15T13:10:35Z","timestamp":1376572235000},"page":"1569-1577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immunodetection of Fasciola gigantica Circulating Antigen in Sera of Infected Individuals for Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abdelfattah M.","family":"Attallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal A.","family":"Bughdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atef M.","family":"El-Shazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073710_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.12.007","article-title":"Chronic fascioliasis in farmed and wild greater rheas (Rhea Americana)","volume":"145","author":"Soares","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Fact sheet on fascioliasis","volume-title":"Action against worms, issue 10","author":"WHO","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(09)69002-3","article-title":"Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control","volume":"69","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B4","first-page":"725","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological study of human fascioliasis in an endemic focus in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt","volume":"31","author":"el-Shazly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.5.264","article-title":"Distribution of human fascioliasis by age and gender among rural population in the Nile Delta, Egypt","volume":"49","author":"Curtale","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.260","article-title":"Epidemiological review of human and animal fascioliasis in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Soliman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03575.x","article-title":"Acute fascioliasis: clinical and epidemiological features of four patients in Chile","volume":"18","author":"Fica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B8","first-page":"435","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of human and animal fasciolosis","volume-title":"Fasciolosis","author":"Hillyer","year":"1999"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005296","article-title":"Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas","volume":"79","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.04.005","article-title":"Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica","volume":"111","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.660","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica cysteine proteinases: immunodominant antigens in human fascioliasis","volume":"57","author":"Cordova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.749","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis using recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L1 cysteine proteinase","volume":"60","author":"O'Neill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00288-7","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis using recombinant procathepsin-L cysteine proteinase","volume":"41","author":"Carnevale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B14","first-page":"713","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis using an antigen of Fasciola gigantica adult worm with the molecular mass of 27-kDa by a dot-ELISA","volume":"34","author":"Intapan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.09.023","article-title":"Detection of circulating 54 kDa antigen in sera of bovine calves experimentally infected with F. gigantica","volume":"119","author":"Velusamy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005303","article-title":"Fas2-ELISA in the detection of human infection by Fasciola hepatica","volume":"79","author":"Espinoza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00338-07","article-title":"Leucine aminopeptidase is an immunodominant antigen of Fasciola hepatica excretory and secretory products in human infections","volume":"15","author":"Marcilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B18","first-page":"462","article-title":"Assessment of a 27-kDa antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in Vietnamese patients","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02964.x","article-title":"Assessing the validity of an ELISA test for the serological diagnosis of human fascioliasis in different epidemiological situations","volume":"17","author":"Valero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0089","article-title":"Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases","volume":"364","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283567b7e","article-title":"New developments in epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of fascioliasis","volume":"25","author":"Cabada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000754","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a 26- to 28-kDa circulating antigen of Fasciola gigantica","volume":"96","author":"Attallah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.08.014","article-title":"Fasciola gigantica: immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis by detection of circulating 28.5 kDa tegumental antigen","volume":"123","author":"Anuracpreeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.156","article-title":"MM3-ELISA detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in preserved human stool samples","volume":"81","author":"Ubeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-176","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of monoclonal antibody based sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Fasciola gigantica excretory\/secretory antigens in both serum and stool","volume":"4","author":"Demerdash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2711-y","article-title":"Evaluation of a 14.5 kDa-Fasciola gigantica fatty acid binding protein as a diagnostic antigen for human fascioliasis","volume":"110","author":"Allam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1210","article-title":"Isolation of potential serodiagnostics F. hepatica antigens by electroelution from polyacrylamide gels","volume":"35","author":"Santiago de Weil","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1968.17.369","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni homogenate for active immunization of mice","volume":"17","author":"da Silva","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20180919073710_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350","article-title":"Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications","volume":"76","author":"Towbin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90783-1","article-title":"Silver stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels: a modified procedure with enhanced uniform sensitivity","volume":"117","author":"Morrissey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00001a012","article-title":"Protocol for resolving protein mixtures in capillary zone electrophoresis","volume":"63","author":"Gordon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.03.004","article-title":"Immuno-diagnosis of bubaline fasciolosis with Fasciola gigantica cathepsin-l and recombinant cathepsin l 1-d proteases","volume":"98","author":"Raina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B35","first-page":"91","article-title":"Human fascioliasis in Cajamarca\/Peru. II. Humoral antibody response and antigenaemia","volume":"36","author":"Knobloch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.472","article-title":"Detection of circulating parasite antigen in murine fascioliasis by two-site enzyme linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"41","author":"Langley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.12.2637-2640.1990","article-title":"Detection of circulating excretory-secretory antigens in human fascioliasis by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"28","author":"Espino","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B38","first-page":"153","article-title":"Diagnosis of cattle fasciolosis by the detection of a circulating antigen using monoclonal antibody","volume":"15","author":"Viyanant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allerg. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.09.006","article-title":"Distribution of 28.5 kDa antigen in the tegument of adult Fasciola gigantica","volume":"100","author":"Anuracpreeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/3284530","article-title":"Partial characterization of the epitope on excretory-secretory products of Fasciola hepatica recognized by monoclonal antibody ES78","volume":"84","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.648","article-title":"Fasciola gigantica-specific antigens: purification by a continuous-elution method and its evaluation for the diagnosis of human fascioliasis","volume":"61","author":"Maleewong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0972-9","article-title":"Characterisation of Fasciola gigantica adult 27-kDa excretory-secretory antigen in human fascioliasis","volume":"91","author":"Tantrawatpan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.03.017","article-title":"Immunodiagnostic\/protective role of cathepsin L cysteine proteinases secreted by Fasciola species","volume":"154","author":"Dixit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.746","article-title":"Diagnosis of human fascioliasis: detection of anti-cathepsin L antibodies in blood samples collected on filter paper","volume":"60","author":"Strauss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00175-8","article-title":"Early immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis in ruminants using recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L-like protease","volume":"31","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00718-R","article-title":"Detection of circulating antigen in sera of Fasciola gigantica infected cattle with antibodies reactive with a Fasciola specific 88 kDa antigen","volume":"58","author":"Fagbemi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-192R","article-title":"An ultrasensitive capture ELISA for detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in sheep and cattle using a new monoclonal antibody (MM3)","volume":"90","author":"Mezo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.11.001","article-title":"Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant saposin-like protein 2 of Fasciola gigantica","volume":"125","author":"Kueakhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.82","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis by a cystatin capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L antigen","volume":"72","author":"Tantrawatpan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.647","article-title":"Placental and oral delivery of Schistosoma mansoni antigen from infected mothers to their newborns and children","volume":"68","author":"Attallah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.1.190-193.1994","article-title":"Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of excretory\/secretory antigens in humans with fascioliasis","volume":"32","author":"Espino","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B52","first-page":"911","article-title":"Detection of Fasciola-specific excretory\/secretory (E\/S) protein fraction band (49.5 kDa) and its utilization in diagnosis of early fascioliasis using different diagnostic techniques","volume":"29","author":"Arafa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001899","article-title":"A protein microarray for the rapid screening of patients suspected of infection with various food-borne helminthiases","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.9.2723-2726.1998","article-title":"Dynamics of antigenemia and coproantigens during a human Fasciola hepatica outbreak","volume":"36","author":"Espino","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B55","first-page":"317","article-title":"A review on fascioliasis in Egypt","volume":"32","author":"Haseeb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"key20180919073710_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(96)90055-7","article-title":"Detection of Fasciola hepatica antigens in cattle feces by a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich immunoassay","volume":"60","author":"Dum\u00e9nigo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00305-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T20:16:36Z","timestamp":1646338596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00305-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00305-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00305-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]]}}}