{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:18:12Z","timestamp":1787066292215,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lyme borreliosis is caused by tick-transmitted spirochetes of the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:named-content>\n                    group and is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe. Outer surface protein C (OspC) is a 23-kDa outer surface lipoprotein expressed during spirochete transmission from the tick to the vertebrate host. In a previous study, we found that immunization with a recombinant disulfide-bridged dimeric form of OspC (D-OspC) stimulates increased antibody responses relative to immunization with commonly employed monomeric OspC. Here, we report that mice immunized with dimeric OspC proteins also exhibited enhanced protection against infection with the cognate\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strain. Mice were protected by four immunizations containing as little as 100 ng of dimeric OspC, suggesting that this form of the protein can induce protective immunity within a dose range reasonable for a human or veterinary vaccine. In contrast, monomeric OspC was only partially protective at much higher doses. IgG subclass analysis revealed that D-OspC-immunized animals mainly possessed anti-OspC-IgG1. In contrast, infected animals develop anti-OspC restricted to the IgG3 isotype. A subset of antibodies generated by dimeric OspC immunization did not recognize the monomeric variant, indicating that unique epitopes exist on the dimeric form. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that recognized only dimeric OspC protected mice from\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n                    challenge, whereas another monoclonal that recognized both immunogens was not protective. These studies suggest that this dimeric OspC presents distinctive epitopes that generate antibodies protective against\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection and could be a useful vaccine component.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00306-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1476309589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Enhanced Protective Immunogenicity of Homodimeric Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein C"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Diane G.","family":"Edmondson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabitha","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy J.","family":"Ullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Piesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Probst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Radzimski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"St\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Komorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90175-X","article-title":"Reactivity of neuroborreliosis patients (Lyme disease) to cardiolipin and gangliosides","volume":"117","author":"Garc\u00eda Monc\u00f3 JC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Monc\u00f3 JC WheelerCM BenachJL FurieRA LukehartSA StanekG SteereAC. 1993. Reactivity of neuroborreliosis patients (Lyme disease) to cardiolipin and gangliosides. J Neurol Sci117:206\u2013214.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.267.10.1364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.6.2396-2399.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00271887","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Lyme disease","volume":"9","author":"Malawista SE","year":"1989","unstructured":"Malawista SE . 1989. Pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Rheumatol Int9:233\u2013235.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"373","article-title":"Beyond the bull's eye: recognizing Lyme disease","volume":"65","author":"Chaaya G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaaya G Jaller-CharJJ AliSK. 2016. Beyond the bull's eye: recognizing Lyme disease. J Fam Pract65:373\u2013379.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7923-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poland\nGA\n. 2011. Vaccines against Lyme disease: what happened and what lessons can we learn? Clin Infect Dis52(Suppl 3):S253\u2013S258.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00406-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.382-388.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306845101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01950-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01725-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00482-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.290775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07103.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.8.3213-3221.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7437-7444.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.419-427.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.028738"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00153-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.6.746-751.2005","article-title":"Borreliacidal OspC antibodies specific for a highly conserved epitope are immunodominant in human Lyme disease and do not occur in mice or hamsters","volume":"12","author":"Lovrich SD","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lovrich SD JobeDA SchellRF CallisterSM. 2005. Borreliacidal OspC antibodies specific for a highly conserved epitope are immunodominant in human Lyme disease and do not occur in mice or hamsters. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol12:746\u2013751.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.4.573-578.2003","article-title":"C-terminal region of outer surface protein C binds borreliacidal antibodies in sera from patients with Lyme disease","volume":"10","author":"Jobe DA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jobe DA LovrichSD SchellRF CallisterSM. 2003. C-terminal region of outer surface protein C binds borreliacidal antibodies in sera from patients with Lyme disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol10:573\u2013578.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01499.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1920-1926.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2234-2239.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.2.400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4661-4667.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.4661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.07.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.340-350.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104588108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00099-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3474-3479.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01495.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0038-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05068-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"959","article-title":"Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse","volume":"143","author":"Barthold SW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barthold SW de SouzaMS JanotkaJL SmithAL PersingDH. 1993. Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse. Am J Pathol143:959\u2013971.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/151.1.15","article-title":"Genetic diversity of ospC in a local population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto","volume":"151","author":"Wang IN","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang IN DykhuizenDE QiuW DunnJJ BoslerEM LuftBJ. 1999. Genetic diversity of ospC in a local population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Genetics151:15\u201330.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5063-5072.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5759-5767.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008449200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010062200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.5.971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00409-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.6.2206-2212.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303313081301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.199"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00306-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00306-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T11:43:03Z","timestamp":1627558983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00306-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcela F.","family":"Pasetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00306-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00306-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-06-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-10-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}