{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:02:39Z","timestamp":1774958559386,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n            coinfect and are transmitted by\n            <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n            species ticks. Clinical indicators suggest that\n            <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n            coinfection contributes to the severity, dissemination, and, possibly, sequelae of Lyme disease. Previous in vitro studies showed that spirochete penetration through human brain microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier is facilitated by endothelial cell-derived matrix metalloproteases (MMPs).\n            <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected neutrophils continuously release MMPs and other vasoactive biomediators. We examined\n            <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            infection of brain microvascular barriers during\n            <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n            coinfection and showed that coinfection enhanced reductions in transendothelial electrical resistance and enhanced or synergistically increased production of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9), cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), and chemokines (IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1\u03b1) known to affect vascular permeability and inflammatory responses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00308-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,27]],"date-time":"2007-09-27T00:59:26Z","timestamp":1190854766000},"page":"1420-1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>\n            -\n            <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n            Coinfection Enhances Chemokine, Cytokine, and Matrix Metalloprotease Expression by Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Grab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elvis","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Barat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Nikolskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Stephen","family":"Dumler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2000.279.3.C744","volume":"279","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ban, Y., and L. J. Rizzolo. 2000. Differential regulation of tight junction permeability during development of the retinal pigment epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.279:C744-C750.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"521","volume":"57","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbour, A. G. 1984. Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes. Yale J. Biol. Med.57:521-525.","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. 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