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Here we report an unexpected role for phosphate buffer in an anthrax vaccine (SparVax) containing recombinant protective antigen (rPA) and aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOH) adjuvant (Alhydrogel). Phosphate ions bind to AlOH to produce an aluminum phosphate surface with a reduced rPA adsorption coefficient and binding capacity. However, these effects continued to increase as the free phosphate concentration increased, and the binding of rPA changed from endothermic to exothermic. Crucially, phosphate restored the thermostability of bound rPA so that it resembled the soluble form, even though it remained tightly bound to the surface. Batches of vaccine with either 0.25 mM (subsaturated) or 4 mM (saturated) phosphate were tested in a disease model at batch release, which showed that the latter was significantly more potent. Both formulations retained their potency for 3 years. The strongest aluminum adjuvant effects are thus likely to be via weakly attached or easily released native-state antigen proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00320-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T03:42:52Z","timestamp":1377747772000},"page":"1659-1668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Increasing the Potency of an Alhydrogel-Formulated Anthrax Vaccine by Minimizing Antigen-Adjuvant Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Allan","family":"Watkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmAthene UK Ltd., Billingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Soliakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XstalBio Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karie","family":"Hirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmAthene, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"LeButt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Fleetwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantics, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmAthene, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Fuerst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmAthene, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy H.","family":"Lakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00107-8","article-title":"Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines","volume":"73","author":"Liljeqvist S","year":"1999","unstructured":"LiljeqvistSStahlS. 1999. 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