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We immunized adults and 12-month-old toddlers with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to determine differences in B-cell and antibody responses. The adults and 12-month-old toddlers received a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The toddlers received a second dose at 14 months of age. The frequencies of diphtheria toxoid and serotype 4, 14, and 23F polysaccharide-specific plasma cells and memory B cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The toddlers had no preexisting polysaccharide-specific memory B cells or serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody but had good diphtheria toxoid-specific memory responses. The frequencies of plasma cells and memory B cells increased by day 7 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.0001) in the adults and the toddlers following a single dose of conjugate, but the polysaccharide responses were significantly lower in the toddlers than in the adults (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.009 to &lt;0.001). IgM dominated the toddler antibody responses, and class switching to the IgG was serotype dependent. A second dose of vaccine enhanced the antibody and memory B-cell responses in the toddlers but not the ex vivo plasma cell responses. Two doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are required in toddlers to generate memory B-cell frequencies and antibody class switching for each pneumococcal polysaccharide equivalent to that seen in adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00336-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,22]],"date-time":"2007-11-22T02:06:34Z","timestamp":1195697194000},"page":"182-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Serotype-Specific and Age-Dependent Generation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Specific Memory B-Cell and Antibody Responses to Immunization with a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Clutterbuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mainga","family":"Hamaluba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Westcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C. 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