{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:18:55Z","timestamp":1772626735048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis (CM), a serious life-threatening fungal infection endemic to arid regions of the western United States and Mexico, can be challenging to diagnose in a timely manner. Commercially developed enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (from Meridian Biosciences and Immuno-Mycologics [IMMY]) have provided faster, simpler means for serodiagnosis; however, independent evaluations have questioned EIA specificity, particularly IgM-positive\/IgG-negative results. This study was conducted to evaluate EIA specificity among persons residing in Puerto Rico (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 534), where CM is not endemic (who were not likely to have been exposed to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>spp.), compared to blood bank donors residing in Arizona (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 1,218), where CM is endemic. Upon comparing serum reactivity between Puerto Rico and Arizona, the Meridian EIA showed a significant difference in IgG reactivity (0.37% versus 3.6%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001) but not IgM reactivity (3.4% versus 2.4%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.31). No IgM-\/IgG-reactive sera were detected among sera from Puerto Rico, compared to 7 (0.57%) sera from Arizona. Similar results were observed using the IMMY EIA, although significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.03) fewer IgM-reactive sera from Arizona were observed, compared to the Meridian EIA. EIA-reactive sera were also evaluated by immunodiffusion before and after 3- to 4-fold concentration of the sera. These results demonstrate that elevated IgG EIA reactivity is present in sera from healthy individuals in regions of endemicity and that IgM EIA reactivity observed in sera from individuals residing outside regions of endemicity is most likely nonspecific. Other criteria, including clinical and microbiological evaluations, should be taken into account when interpreting results from surveillance studies and other reporting measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00375-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T15:22:27Z","timestamp":1443021747000},"page":"1090-1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of the Specificity of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Coccidioidomycosis by Using Sera from a Region of Endemicity and a Region of Nonendemicity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Lindsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YoonJi","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orion","family":"McCotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalitha","family":"Gade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven F.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia P.","family":"Litvintseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9816-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000126762.91040.fd"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/496991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/107.2.148","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis by enzyme immunoassay","volume":"107","author":"Zartarian M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zartarian M, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. 1997. Detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis by enzyme immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol 107:148\u2013153.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.4.940-943.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.3.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9129-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.618-619.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01843-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.12.1394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555815905.ch66","volume-title":"Manual of molecular and clinical laboratory immunology","author":"Lindsley MD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindsley MD, Warnock DW, Morrison CJ. 2006. Serological and molecular diagnosis of fungal infections, p 569\u2013605. In Detrick B, Hamilton RG, Folds JD (ed), Manual of molecular and clinical laboratory immunology, 7th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00531-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"636","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in a state where it is not known to be endemic \u2014 Missouri, 2004\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Turabelidze G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turabelidze G, Aggu-Sher RK, Jahanpour E, Hinkle CJ. 2015. Coccidioidomycosis in a state where it is not known to be endemic \u2014 Missouri, 2004\u20132013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64:636\u2013639.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.1907-1912.1992"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00375-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00375-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T13:03:29Z","timestamp":1692018209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00375-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"P. 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