{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:10:35Z","timestamp":1788909035026,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Typhoid fever remains a major global health problem. A major impediment to improving outcomes is the lack of appropriate diagnostic tools, which have not significantly improved in low-income settings for 100 years. We evaluated two commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (Tubex and TyphiDot), a prototype (TyphiRapid TR-02), and the commonly used single-serum Widal test in a previously reported high-burden area of Papua New Guinea. Samples were collected from 530 outpatients with axillary temperatures of \u226537.5\u00b0C, and analysis was conducted on all malaria-negative samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 500). A composite reference standard of blood culture and PCR was used, by which 47 participants (9.4%) were considered typhoid fever positive. The sensitivity and specificity of the Tubex (51.1% and 88.3%, respectively) and TyphiDot (70.0% and 80.1%, respectively) tests were not high enough to warrant their ongoing use in this setting; however, the sensitivity and specificity for the TR-02 prototype were promising (89.4% and 85.0%, respectively). An axillary temperature of \u226538.5\u00b0C correlated with typhoid fever (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.014). With an appropriate diagnostic test, conducting typhoid fever diagnosis only on patients with high-grade fever could dramatically decrease the costs associated with diagnosis while having no detrimental impact on the ability to accurately diagnose the illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00380-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]],"date-time":"2012-09-20T01:33:54Z","timestamp":1348104834000},"page":"1833-1837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Evaluation of Serological Diagnostic Tests for Typhoid Fever in Papua New Guinea Using a Composite Reference Standard"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Valentine","family":"Siba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilagi","family":"Vanuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Wapling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sehuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Siba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Greenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073630_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19991130)18:22<2987::AID-SIM205>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Using a combination of reference tests to assess the accuracy of a new diagnostic test","volume":"18","author":"Alonzo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. 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