{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:39:57Z","timestamp":1793173197022,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Typhoid fever remains a major health problem in developing countries. Young children are at high risk, and a vaccine effective for this age group is urgently needed. Purified capsular polysaccharide from\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serovar Typhi (Vi) is licensed as a vaccine, providing 50 to 70% protection in individuals older than 5 years. However, this vaccine is ineffective in infants. Vi conjugated to a carrier protein (i.e., an exoprotein A mutant from\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            [rEPA]) is highly immunogenic, provides long-term protection, and shows more than 90% protective efficacy in children 2 to 5 years old. Here, we describe an alternative glycoconjugate vaccine for\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi, Vi-CRM\n            <jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>\n            , where Vi was obtained from\n            <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>\n            WR7011 and CRM\n            <jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>\n            , the mutant diphtheria toxin protein, was used as the carrier. We investigated the optimization of growth conditions for Vi production from\n            <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n            WR7011 and the immunogenicity of Vi-CRM\n            <jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>\n            conjugates in mice. The optimal saccharide\/protein ratio of the glycoconjugates was identified for the best antibody production. We also demonstrated the ability of this new vaccine to protect mice against challenge with Vi-positive\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serovar Typhimurium.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00387-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,20]],"date-time":"2011-01-20T03:42:15Z","timestamp":1295494935000},"page":"460-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Biological Activity of the\n            <i>Citrobacter freundii<\/i>\n            Vi-CRM\n            <sub>197<\/sub>\n            Conjugate as a Vaccine for\n            <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n            Serovar Typhi"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Rondini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Micoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Lanzilao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan J.","family":"Saul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165-Supplement_1-S44","volume":"165","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baker, P. 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