{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:48:04Z","timestamp":1780602484271,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We compared the lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses to\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and -seronegative patients. The lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were assessed for 11 HIV-seropositive,\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive (group I) patients; 20 HIV-seropositive,\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -negative (group II) patients; 10 HIV-seronegative,\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive (group III) patients, including four post-renal transplant (group IIIa) and 6 presumably immunocompetent (group IIIb) patients; and 20 HIV-seronegative,\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -negative healthy individuals (group IV). No significant difference was observed in the number of patients showing positive lymphoproliferative responses in group I compared to group III (post-renal transplant [group IIIa] or immunocompetent [group IIIb]) patients, while a comparison of the median stimulation indices shows that responses were significantly lower in\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected, immunosuppressed (group I and IIIa) patients than in immunocompetent (group IIIb) patients. The number of patients showing positive responses and median stimulation indices was significantly higher for\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected (HIV-seropositive and -seronegative) individuals than for uninfected individuals, suggesting that\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            induces significant in vitro lymphoproliferative responses in infected individuals. Cytokine levels, except for that of IL-5, were significantly higher in\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected (groups I and III) individuals than in uninfected (groups II and IV) individuals. There was no significant difference between the group I and III patients and between\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected immunosuppressed (group I or IIIa) and immunocompetent (group IIIb) patients.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00395-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,20]],"date-time":"2008-11-20T01:44:24Z","timestamp":1227145464000},"page":"116-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lymphoproliferative and Cytokine Responses to\n            <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>\n            in Patients Coinfected with\n            <i>C. parvum<\/i>\n            and Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kirti","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeeta","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Wanchu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Malla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00077-0","volume":"28","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abrahamsen, M. 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