{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:02:58Z","timestamp":1792810978216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000180","name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HSHQDC-11-C-00116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSHQDC-11-C-00116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine, and at present no treatment or vaccine is available. Natural and gene-deleted, live attenuated strains protect against closely related virulent strains; however, they are yet to be deployed and evaluated in the field to rule out chronic persistence and a potential for reversion to virulence. Previous studies suggest that antibodies play a role in protection, but induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) could be the key to complete protection. Hence, generation of an efficacious subunit vaccine depends on identification of CTL targets along with a suitable delivery method that will elicit effector CTLs capable of eliminating ASFV-infected host cells and confer long-term protection. To this end, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an adenovirus-vectored ASFV (Ad-ASFV) multiantigen cocktail formulated in two different adjuvants and at two immunizing doses in swine. Immunization with the cocktail rapidly induced unprecedented ASFV antigen-specific antibody and cellular immune responses against all of the antigens. The robust antibody responses underwent rapid isotype switching within 1 week postpriming, steadily increased over a 2-month period, and underwent rapid recall upon boost. Importantly, the primed antibodies strongly recognized the parental ASFV (Georgia 2007\/1) by indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) assay and Western blotting. Significant antigen-specific gamma interferon-positive (IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) responses were detected postpriming and postboosting. Furthermore, this study is the first to demonstrate induction of ASFV antigen-specific CTL responses in commercial swine using Ad-ASFV multiantigens. The relevance of the induced immune responses in regard to protection needs to be evaluated in a challenge study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00395-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]],"date-time":"2016-09-15T02:33:39Z","timestamp":1473906819000},"page":"888-900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Induction of Robust Immune Responses in Swine by Using a Cocktail of Adenovirus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus Antigens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shehnaz","family":"Lokhandwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suryakant D.","family":"Waghela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Sangewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Charendoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Shetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clay","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc R.","family":"Berghman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Dominowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis L.","family":"Foss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharath","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaunak","family":"Vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Gabbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Burrage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Neilan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waithaka","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"168","article-title":"Notes on animal diseases. XI. Virus diseases of pigs","volume":"22","author":"Scott GR","year":"1957","unstructured":"Scott GR. 1957. Notes on animal diseases. XI. Virus diseases of pigs. East Afr Agric J 22:168\u2013174.","journal-title":"East Afr Agric J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","author":"King AMQ","year":"2011","unstructured":"King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ (ed). 2011. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1275-1285.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)01459-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(98)00105-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01316896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81038-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.08.1858","article-title":"Neutralization of African swine fever virus by sera from African swine fever-resistant pigs","volume":"47","author":"Ruiz Gonzalvo F","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ruiz Gonzalvo F, Caballero C, Martinez J, Carnero ME. 1986. Neutralization of African swine fever virus by sera from African swine fever-resistant pigs. Am J Vet Res 47:1858\u20131862.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.06.1249","article-title":"Inhibition of African swine fever infection in the presence of immune sera in vivo and in vitro","volume":"47","author":"Ruiz Gonzalvo F","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ruiz Gonzalvo F, Carnero ME, Caballero C, Martinez J. 1986. Inhibition of African swine fever infection in the presence of immune sera in vivo and in vitro. Am J Vet Res 47:1249\u20131252.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376812.ch4a","volume-title":"Trends in emerging viral infections of swine","author":"Arias ML","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arias ML, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM. 2002. African swine fever, p 119\u2013139. In Morilla A, Yoon KJ, Zimmermann JF (ed), Trends in emerging viral infections of swine. Iowa State Press, Ames, IA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(92)90040-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-3-513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"921","article-title":"Vaccination against ASF","volume":"60","author":"Manso-Ribeiro J","year":"1963","unstructured":"Manso-Ribeiro J, Nunes-Petisca JL, Lopes-Frazao F, Sobral M. 1963. Vaccination against ASF. Bull Off Int Epizoot 60:921\u2013937.","journal-title":"Bull Off Int Epizoot"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00458-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02192-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13727.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01858-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00363-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(90)90074-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80907-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1994.5.10-1203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01893-14"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00395-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00395-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T18:55:56Z","timestamp":1749581756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00395-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D. W.","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00395-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00395-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-08-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-09-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-11-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}