{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T16:38:00Z","timestamp":1718037480849},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The cell-mediated immunity (CMI)-based\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            gamma interferon release assay (IGRA) of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -specific antigens has potential as a promising diagnostic means to detect those individuals in the early stages of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. leprae<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. Diagnosis of leprosy is a major obstacle toward ultimate disease control and has been compromised in the past by the lack of specific markers. Comparative bioinformatic analysis among mycobacterial genomes identified potential\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. leprae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -specific proteins called \u201chypothetical unknowns.\u201d Due to massive gene decay and the prevalence of pseudogenes, it is unclear whether any of these proteins are expressed or are immunologically relevant. In this study, we performed cDNA-based quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the expression status of 131 putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding hypothetical unknowns. Twenty-six of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. leprae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -specific antigen candidates showed significant levels of gene expression compared to that of ESAT-6 (ML0049), which is an important T cell antigen of low abundance in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. leprae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Fifteen of 26 selected antigen candidates were expressed and purified in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The seroreactivity to these proteins of pooled sera from lepromatous leprosy patients and cavitary tuberculosis patients revealed that 9 of 15 recombinant hypothetical unknowns elicited\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. leprae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -specific immune responses. These nine proteins may be good diagnostic reagents to improve both the sensitivity and specificity of detection of individuals with asymptomatic leprosy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00419-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]],"date-time":"2012-12-13T04:56:49Z","timestamp":1355374609000},"page":"181-190","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gene Expression Profile and Immunological Evaluation of Unique Hypothetical Unknown Proteins of Mycobacterium leprae by Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalyani","family":"Prithiviraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Groathouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"363","author":"Britton WJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"BrittonWJ LockwoodDN. 2004. 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