{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:03:06Z","timestamp":1790218986025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The intestinal protozoan parasite\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia lamblia<\/jats:named-content>\n            may cause severe prolonged diarrheal disease or pass unnoticed as an asymptomatic infection. T cells seem to play an important role in the immune response to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection, and memory responses may last years. Recently, T\n            <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n            17 responses have been found in three animal studies of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the human CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell responses to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 21 returning travelers with recent or ongoing giardiasis and 12 low-risk healthy controls and stimulated\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia lamblia<\/jats:named-content>\n            proteins. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), gamma interferon, interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-10, and IL-4 was measured in CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            effector memory (EM) T cells after 24 h by flow cytometry. After 6 days of culture, activation and proliferation were measured by flow cytometry, while an array of inflammatory cytokine levels in supernatants were measured with multiplex assays. We found the number of IL-17A-producing CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            EM T cells, as well as that of cells simultaneously producing both IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1, to be significantly elevated in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            -exposed individuals after 24 h of antigen stimulation. In supernatants of PBMCs stimulated with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            antigens for 6 days, we found inflammation-associated cytokines, including 1L-17A, as well as CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell activation and proliferation, to be significantly elevated in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            -exposed individuals. We conclude that symptomatic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection in humans induces a CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            EM T cell response of which IL-17A production seems to be an important component.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00419-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]],"date-time":"2015-09-17T03:28:43Z","timestamp":1442460523000},"page":"11-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Human Memory CD4\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            T Cell Immune Responses against Giardia lamblia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0836-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Sk\u00e5r","family":"Saghaug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steinar","family":"S\u00f8rnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Peirasmaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Sv\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Langeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1466-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Hanevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.4.706-732.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Giardiasis surveillance\u2014United States, 2006\u20132008","volume":"59","author":"Yoder JS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Harral C, Beach MJ. 2010. Giardiasis surveillance\u2014United States, 2006\u20132008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59:15\u201325.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70260-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.942283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(86)90374-6","article-title":"Response of Peyer's patch lymphocyte subsets to Giardia muris infection in BALB\/c mice. II. B-cell subsets: enteric antigen exposure is associated with immunoglobulin isotype switching by Peyer's patch B cells","volume":"97","author":"Carlson JR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Carlson JR, Heyworth MF, Owen RL. 1986. Response of Peyer's patch lymphocyte subsets to Giardia muris infection in BALB\/c mice. II. B-cell subsets: enteric antigen exposure is associated with immunoglobulin isotype switching by Peyer's patch B cells. Cell Immunol 97:51\u201358.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.170-175.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.1.38","article-title":"Impaired IgA response to Giardia heat shock antigen in children with persistent diarrhoea and giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Char S","year":"1993","unstructured":"Char S, Cevallos AM, Yamson P, Sullivan PB, Neale G, Farthing MJ. 1993. Impaired IgA response to Giardia heat shock antigen in children with persistent diarrhoea and giardiasis. Gut 34:38\u201340.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/6.3.231","article-title":"Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population","volume":"6","author":"Oyerinde JP","year":"1977","unstructured":"Oyerinde JP, Ogunbi O, Alonge AA. 1977. Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population. Int J Epidemiol 6:231\u2013234.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.6.602","article-title":"Waterborne giardiasis at a mountain resort: evidence for acquired immunity","volume":"74","author":"Istre GR","year":"1984","unstructured":"Istre GR, Dunlop TS, Gaspard GB, Hopkins RS. 1984. Waterborne giardiasis at a mountain resort: evidence for acquired immunity. Am J Public Health 74:602\u2013604.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.6.1743","article-title":"Clearance of Giardia muris infection requires helper\/inducer T lymphocytes","volume":"165","author":"Heyworth MF","year":"1987","unstructured":"Heyworth MF, Carlson JR, Ermak TH. 1987. Clearance of Giardia muris infection requires helper\/inducer T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 165:1743\u20131748.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00953.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01536-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.3.342","article-title":"Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes","volume":"44","author":"Ebert EC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ebert EC. 1999. Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes. Gut 44:342\u2013346.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1220-1223.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90120-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.21015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.40954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.05.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01328.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmt085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1569-1573.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.026963"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00419-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00419-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T15:56:30Z","timestamp":1627574190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00419-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"P. P.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00419-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00419-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}