{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:00:44Z","timestamp":1783094444851,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Serologic studies can provide important insights into the epidemiology and transmission of\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            . Exposure to\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            can be assessed by serum antibody responses to recombinant antigens from the major surface glycoprotein (MsgC), although factors that influence the magnitude of the antibody response are incompletely understood. We determined the magnitudes of antibody responses to\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            in comparison to adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in HIV-infected and uninfected patients and identified predictors associated with the magnitude of the response. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using serum samples and data from 153 HIV-positive and 92 HIV-negative subjects enrolled in a feasibility study of the Veterans Aging Cohort 5 Site Study (VACS 5). Antibodies were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Independent predictors of antibody responses were determined using multivariate Tobit regression models. The results showed that serum antibody responses to\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            MsgC fragments were significantly and independently decreased in current smokers. Antibodies to\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            also tended to be lower with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hazardous alcohol use, injection drug use, and HIV infection, although these results were not statistically significant. These results were specific to\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            and did not correlate with adenovirus. Antibody responses to RSV were in the inverse direction. Thus, current smoking was independently associated with decreased\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            antibody responses. Whether smoking exerts an immunosuppressive effect that affects the\n            <jats:italic>P. jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n            antibody response, colonization, or subsequent risk for disease is unclear; prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate these findings further.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00421-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]],"date-time":"2010-12-30T01:53:58Z","timestamp":1293674038000},"page":"380-386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Decreased Serum Antibody Responses to Recombinant\n            <i>Pneumocystis<\/i>\n            Antigens in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Current Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Crothers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran R.","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rimland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew Bidwell","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and the Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Gibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kpandja","family":"Djawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Walzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4065\/80.8.1022","volume":"80","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abel, G. 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