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Current research focuses on case definitions, methods for diagnosing clinical disease in dogs, and discrimination between an immune response to a natural infection and an immune response to vaccination. In this experimental study, 23 dogs raised under tick-free conditions were allocated to two groups. The 11 dogs in the first group were vaccinated with a commercial borrelia vaccine and subsequently developed detectable antibody titers. The 12 dogs in the second group were walked on two consecutive days in an area where ticks were endemic. On day 5 after exposure, engorged ticks were removed from the 12 dogs and were analyzed for<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>DNA by a real-time PCR assay. Blood samples were taken before exposure\/vaccination and at defined time points thereafter. Antibody responses were evaluated using an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and Western blotting. Seven dogs from which<jats:italic>Borrelia-<\/jats:italic>positive ticks were removed seroconverted and developed individual immune responses. Blood and urine samples taken from the tick-exposed group at weeks 1 and 3 for real-time PCR analysis and culture were always negative for bacterial DNA. In conclusion, despite serological evidence of infection\/immunization, no clinical signs of disease were observed. The antibody patterns in a single Western blot did not permit differentiation between the different antigen sources (vaccine versus natural infection). However, repeated Western blot analyses may be useful for the confirmation of infection or vaccination status, since the time courses of the levels of specific antibodies seem to be different.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00427-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,11]],"date-time":"2010-03-11T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1268278437000},"page":"828-835","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Humoral Immune Response in Dogs Naturally Infected with<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>Sensu Lato and in Dogs after Immunization with a<i>Borrelia<\/i>Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Leschnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Kirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gelas","family":"Khanakah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Duscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Leidinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johann G.","family":"Thalhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Joachim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Veterinary Parasitology Vienna, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna"},{"name":"In Vitro Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic and Hygiene, A-1030 Vienna"},{"name":"Department for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.207.11.1435","volume":"207","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barthold, S. 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