{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:01:19Z","timestamp":1775250079809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the widespread use of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:named-content>BCG vaccine, there are more than 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) every year, and there is an urgent need for better TB vaccines. TB vaccine candidates are selected for evaluation based in part on the detection of an antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) response. The measurement of mycobacterial growth in blood specimens obtained from subjects immunized with investigational TB vaccines may be a better<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>correlate of<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>vaccine efficacy. We performed a clinical study with 30 United Kingdom adults who were followed for 6 months to evaluate the abilities of both a whole-blood- and a novel peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based mycobacterial growth inhibition assay to measure a response to primary vaccination and revaccination with BCG. Using cryopreserved PBMCs, we observed a significant improvement in mycobacterial growth inhibition following primary vaccination but no improvement in growth inhibition following revaccination with BCG (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). Mycobacterial growth inhibition following primary BCG vaccination was not correlated with purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3 enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) responses. We demonstrate that a mycobacterial growth inhibition assay can detect improved capacity to control growth following primary immunization, but not revaccination, with BCG. This is the first study to demonstrate that an<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>growth inhibition assay can identify a difference in vaccine responses by comparing both primary and secondary BCG vaccinations, suggesting that<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>growth inhibition assays may serve as better surrogates of clinical efficacy than the assays currently used for the assessment of candidate TB vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00427-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T03:42:52Z","timestamp":1377747772000},"page":"1683-1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Inhibition of Mycobacterial Growth<i>In Vitro<\/i>following Primary but Not Secondary Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Helen A.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zita-Rose","family":"Manjaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Satti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Hoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, and MRC Unit, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. 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