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Incubation of VV with 10% NE for at least 60 min causes the complete disruption and inactivation of VV. Simple mixtures of NE and VV (Western Reserve serotype) (VV\/NE) applied to the nares of mice resulted in both systemic and mucosal anti-VV immunity, virus-neutralizing antibodies, and Th1-biased cellular responses. Nasal vaccination with VV\/NE vaccine produced protection against lethal infection equal to vaccination by scarification, with 100% survival after challenge with 77 times the 50% lethal dose of live VV. However, animals protected with VV\/NE immunization did after virus challenge have clinical symptoms more extensive than animals vaccinated by scarification. VV\/NE-based vaccines are highly immunogenic and induce protective mucosal and systemic immunity without the need for an inflammatory adjuvant or infection with live virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00440-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,6]],"date-time":"2007-12-06T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1196906387000},"page":"348-358","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A Novel, Killed-Virus Nasal Vaccinia Virus Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna U.","family":"Bielinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Chepurnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Landers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna W.","family":"Janczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana S.","family":"Chepurnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Luker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00149-Z","volume":"158","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blasco, R., and B. 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