{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:33:46Z","timestamp":1772832826760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intragastric immunization with recombinant chimeric immunogen, SBR-CTA2\/B, constructed from the saliva-binding region (SBR) of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:named-content>antigen AgI\/II and the A2\/B subunits of cholera toxin (CT) induces salivary and circulating antibodies against<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mutans<\/jats:named-content>that protect against dental caries. We previously found that SBR-CTA2\/B activated dendritic cells (DC) in the Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). To identify the cells involved in the intestinal uptake of SBR-CTA2\/B and the initiation of immune responses, mice were immunized intragastrically with fluorescein-labeled SBR-CTA2\/B or SBR, and intestinal cells were examined by imaging flow cytometry after fluorescent staining for cell surface markers. SBR-CTA2\/B was preferentially taken up by CD103<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DC in the PP and by both CD103<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DC in intestinal lamina propria (LP), whereas SBR was taken up to a lesser extent by PP CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DC, within 2 to 16 h. By 16 h, CD103<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DC containing fluorescein-labeled SBR-CTA2\/B were found in MLN and showed upregulation of the chemokine receptor CCR7. Large numbers of SBR-CTA2\/B-containing DC were found interacting with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(T helper) cells, which costained for nuclear transcription factors T-bet or ROR\u03b3t, identifying them as Th1 or Th17 cells. In contrast, SBR-containing CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DC interacted preferentially with GATA3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(Th2) cells. No SBR- or SBR-CTA2\/B-containing DC were found interacting with Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(T regulatory) cells. We conclude that the coupling of SBR to CTA2\/B enhances its immunogenicity by promoting uptake by DC in both PP and LP and that these antigen-containing DC migrated to MLN and interacted preferentially with Th1 and Th17 cells to induce active immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00452-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]],"date-time":"2013-11-07T02:53:02Z","timestamp":1383792782000},"page":"74-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identification and Characterization of Intestinal Antigen-Presenting Cells Involved in Uptake and Processing of a Nontoxic Recombinant Chimeric Mucosal Immunogen Based on Cholera Toxin Using Imaging Flow Cytometry"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Minderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073719_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401205","article-title":"Immunomodulation with enterotoxins for the generation of secretory immunity or tolerance: applications for oral infections","volume":"84","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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