{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T20:09:20Z","timestamp":1759176560557},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Previous findings indicate that\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens and those from nonpathogenic alphaproteobacteria (NPAP) are cross-recognized by the immune system. We hypothesized that immunization with NPAP would protect mice from\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            infection. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with heat-killed\n            <jats:italic>Ochrobactrum anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Sinorhizobium meliloti<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Mesorhizobium loti<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n            , or\n            <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n            H38 (standard positive control) before intravenous challenge with\n            <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n            2308. Cross-reacting serum antibodies against\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens were detected at the moment of challenge in all NPAP-immunized mice. Thirty days after\n            <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n            challenge, splenic CFU counts were significantly lower in mice immunized with\n            <jats:italic>O. anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>M. loti<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n            H38 than in the phosphate-buffered saline controls (protection levels were 0.80, 0.66, and 1.99 log units, respectively). In mice immunized intraperitoneally with cytosoluble extracts from NPAP or\n            <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n            , protection levels were 1.58 for the latter, 0.63 for\n            <jats:italic>O. anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            , and 0.40 for\n            <jats:italic>M. loti<\/jats:italic>\n            . To test whether the use of live NPAP would increase protection further, mice were both immunized and challenged by the oral route. Immunization with NPAP induced a significant increase in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), but not serum or fecal IgA, against\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            antigens. After challenge, anti-\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            IgA increased significantly in the sera and feces of mice orally immunized with\n            <jats:italic>O. anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            . For all NPAP, protection levels were higher than those obtained with systemic immunizations but were lower than those obtained by oral immunization with heat-killed\n            <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n            . These results show that immunization with NPAP, especially\n            <jats:italic>O. anthropi<\/jats:italic>\n            , confers partial protection against\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            challenge. However, such protection is lower than that conferred by immunization with whole\n            <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n            or its cytosoluble fraction.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00459-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,23]],"date-time":"2007-08-23T00:49:47Z","timestamp":1187830187000},"page":"1296-1301","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Partial Protection against\n            <i>Brucella<\/i>\n            Infection in Mice by Immunization with Nonpathogenic Alphaproteobacteria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M. 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