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As\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            is a gram-negative bacterium, its outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which have been shown to have low-level immunological activities in vitro. In this study, the biological activities of\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            LPS were compared to those of\n            <jats:italic>Burkholderia thailandensis<\/jats:italic>\n            LPS, and it was found that both murine and human macrophages produced levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in response to\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            LPS that were lower than those in response to\n            <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic>\n            LPS in vitro. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the low-level immunological activities of\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            LPS, its lipid A moiety was characterized using mass spectrometry. The major lipid A species identified in\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            consists of a biphosphorylated disaccharide backbone, which is modified with 4-amino-4-deoxy-arabinose (Ara4N) at both phosphates and penta-acylated with fatty acids (FA) C\n            <jats:sub>14:0<\/jats:sub>\n            (3-OH), C\n            <jats:sub>16:0<\/jats:sub>\n            (3-OH), and either C\n            <jats:sub>14:0<\/jats:sub>\n            or C\n            <jats:sub>14:0<\/jats:sub>\n            (2-OH). In contrast, the major lipid A species identified in\n            <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic>\n            was a mixture of tetra- and penta-acylated structures with differing amounts of Ara4N and FA C\n            <jats:sub>14:0<\/jats:sub>\n            (3-OH). Lipid A species acylated with FA C\n            <jats:sub>14:0<\/jats:sub>\n            (2-OH) were unique to\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            and not found in\n            <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic>\n            . Our data thus indicate that\n            <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n            synthesizes lipid A species with long-chain FA C\n            <jats:sub>14:0<\/jats:sub>\n            (2-OH) and Ara4N-modified phosphate groups, allowing it to evade innate immune recognition.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00472-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]],"date-time":"2009-08-20T02:09:03Z","timestamp":1250734143000},"page":"1420-1428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Structural and Biological Diversity of Lipopolysaccharides from\n            <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>Burkholderia thailandensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vidhya","family":"Novem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghou","family":"Shui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Department of Biochemistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Bendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Department of Biochemistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew Hoon","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuck Weng","family":"Thong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suppiah Paramalingam","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng Eong","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus R.","family":"Wenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Department of Biochemistry"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00285-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00207-7","volume":"5","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckhed, F., S. 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