{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:32:41Z","timestamp":1791084761963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine MenAfriVac has the potential to confer herd immunity by reducing carriage prevalence of epidemic strains. To better understand this phenomenon, we initiated a meningococcal carriage study to determine the baseline carriage rate and serogroup distribution before vaccine introduction in the 1- to 29-year old population in Burkina Faso, the group chosen for the first introduction of the vaccine. A multiple cross-sectional carriage study was conducted in one urban and two rural districts in Burkina Faso in 2009. Every 3 months, oropharyngeal samples were collected from &gt;5,000 randomly selected individuals within a 4-week period. Isolation and identification of the meningococci from 20,326 samples were performed by national laboratories in Burkina Faso. Confirmation and further strain characterization, including genogrouping, multilocus sequence typing, and\n            <jats:italic>porA<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>fetA<\/jats:italic>\n            sequencing, were performed in Norway. The overall carriage prevalence for meningococci was 3.98%; the highest prevalence was among the 15- to 19-year-olds for males and among the 10- to 14-year-olds for females. Serogroup Y dominated (2.28%), followed by serogroups X (0.44%), A (0.39%), and W135 (0.34%). Carriage prevalence was the highest in the rural districts and in the dry season, but serogroup distribution also varied by district. A total of 29 sequence types (STs) and 51\n            <jats:italic>porA<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>fetA<\/jats:italic>\n            combinations were identified. The dominant clone was serogroup Y, ST-4375, P1.5-1,2-2\/F5-8, belonging to the ST-23 complex (47%). All serogroup A isolates were ST-2859 of the ST-5 complex with P1.20,9\/F3-1. This study forms a solid basis for evaluating the impact of MenAfriVac introduction on serogroup A carriage.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00479-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,13]],"date-time":"2011-01-13T03:33:59Z","timestamp":1294889639000},"page":"435-443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Baseline Meningococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso before the Introduction of a Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Kristiansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Diomande\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Inter Country Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley C.","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmata","family":"Oue\u0301draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pe\u0301diatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lassana","family":"Sangare\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idrissa","family":"Sanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Kandolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Inter Country Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"},{"name":"WHO Multi Disease Surveillance Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Kabore\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul-Salam","family":"Oue\u0301draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Ba","family":"Absatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de Sante\u0301 Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Oue\u0301draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Re\u0301gional Kaya, Kaya, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Hassan-King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis Vaccine Project, Ferney, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Dolan","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Hatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and 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