{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:42:08Z","timestamp":1777092128840,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tick-borne pathogens that cause persistent infection are of major concern to the livestock industry because of transmission risk from persistently infected animals and the potential economic losses they pose. The recent reemergence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Theileria equi<\/jats:named-content>in the United States prompted a widespread national survey resulting in identification of limited distribution of equine piroplasmosis (EP) in the U.S. horse population. This program identified<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Babesia caballi<\/jats:named-content>-seropositive horses using rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1)\u2013competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), despite<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>being considered nonendemic on the U.S. mainland. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of RAP-1\u2013cELISA as a single serological test to determine the infection status of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>in U.S. horses. Immunoblotting indicated that sera from U.S. horses reacted with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>lysate and purified<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>RAP-1 protein. Antibody reactivity to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>lysate was exclusively directed against a single \u223c50-kDa band corresponding to a native<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>RAP-1 protein. In contrast, sera from experimentally and naturally infected horses from regions where<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>is endemic bound multiple proteins ranging from 30 to 50 kDa. Dilutions of sera from U.S. horses positive by cELISA revealed low levels of antibodies, while sera from horses experimentally infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>and from areas where<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>is endemic had comparatively high antibody levels. Finally, blood transfer from seropositive U.S. horses into naive horses demonstrated no evidence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>transmission, confirming that antibody reactivity in cELISA-positive U.S. horses was not consistent with infection. Therefore, we conclude that a combination of cELISA and immunoblotting is required for the accurate serodiagnosis of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00479-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T03:44:36Z","timestamp":1379562276000},"page":"1752-1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Serum Antibodies from a Subset of Horses Positive for Babesia caballi by Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Demonstrate a Protein Recognition Pattern That Is Not Consistent with Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Peter O.","family":"Awinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Mealey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura B. 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