{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T18:28:07Z","timestamp":1782584887516,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis relies heavily on serologic test results in addition to clinical history, physical examination, and radiographic findings. Use of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has increased because it is rapidly performed and does not require referral to a reference laboratory, as do complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests. However, interpretation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) reactivity by EIA in the absence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity has been problematic. We conducted a retrospective medical record review of all patients with such IgM reactivity at our institution to identify situations where the finding was more likely to be clinically specific for coccidioidal infection. From 1 January 2004 through 31 December 2008, a total of 1,117 patients had positive EIA coccidioidal serology or EIA IgM-only reactivity; of these, 102 patients (9%) had EIA IgM-only reactivity. Among the 102 patients with EIA IgM-only reactivity, 60 were tested to evaluate symptomatic illness, 13 for follow-up of previously abnormal serology, and 29 for screening purposes. Of the 102 patients, 80 (78%) had positive serologic findings by other methods or had positive culture or histology. Fifty-four (90%) of the 60 patients whose serology was performed to evaluate symptomatic illness had coccidioidal infection, whereas 13 (45%) of 29 patients whose serology was performed for screening purposes had coccidioidal infection. Of the 102 patients with isolated IgM reactivity by EIA, 12 later seroconverted to IgG and IgM reactivity. The use of EIA for screening in 29 asymptomatic persons was associated with unconfirmable results in 13 (45%). Although the majority of patients in our study with isolated IgM reactivity by EIA had probable or confirmed coccidioidomycosis, this result must be interpreted with caution for asymptomatic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00531-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,17]],"date-time":"2012-11-17T01:18:07Z","timestamp":1353115087000},"page":"95-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Clinical Specificity of the Enzyme Immunoassay Test for Coccidioidomycosis Varies According to the Reason for Its Performance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Janis E.","family":"Blair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Force","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hui H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Grys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Valdivia L","year":"2006","unstructured":"ValdiviaL NixD WrightM LindbergE FaganT LiebermanD StofferT AmpelNM GalgianiJN. 2006. Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12: 958\u2013962. (Erratum, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:1307.)","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.3.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-006-0062-5","article-title":"Serologic testing for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts","volume":"162","author":"Blair JE","year":"2006","unstructured":"BlairJE CoakleyB SantelliAC HentzJG WengenackNL. 2006. Serologic testing for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Mycopathologia 162: 317\u2013324.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1273","article-title":"Detection of coccidioidal antibodies by 33-kDa spherule antigen, Coccidioides EIA, and standard serologic tests in sera from patients evaluated for coccidioidomycosis","volume":"173","author":"Wieden MA","year":"1996","unstructured":"WiedenMA LunderganLL BlumJ DelgadoKL CoolbaughR HowardR PengT PughE ReisN TheisJ GalgianiJN. 1996. Detection of coccidioidal antibodies by 33-kDa spherule antigen, Coccidioides EIA, and standard serologic tests in sera from patients evaluated for coccidioidomycosis. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 1273\u20131277.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9129-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.618-619.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01843-09"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199209000-00006","article-title":"Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis","volume":"7","author":"Batra P","year":"1992","unstructured":"BatraP. 1992. Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J. Thorac. Imaging 7(4): 29\u201338.","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.12.1394","article-title":"Varieties of coccidioidal infection in relation to the epidemiology and control of the diseases","volume":"36","author":"Smith CE","year":"1946","unstructured":"SmithCE BeardRR. 1946. Varieties of coccidioidal infection in relation to the epidemiology and control of the diseases. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health 36: 1394\u20131402.","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100475","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007\u20132008","volume":"16","author":"Tsang CA","year":"2010","unstructured":"TsangCA AndersonSM ImholteSB ErhartLM ChenS ParkBJ ChristC KomatsuKK ChillerT SunenshineRH. 2010. Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007\u20132008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16: 1738\u20131744.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.070832","article-title":"Testing for coccidioidomycosis among patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Chang DC","year":"2008","unstructured":"ChangDC AndersonS WannemuehlerK EngelthalerDM ErhartL SunenshineRH BurwellLA ParkBJ. 2008. Testing for coccidioidomycosis among patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14: 1053\u20131059.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1563.081007","article-title":"Coccidioidal pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000\u20132004","volume":"15","author":"Kim MM","year":"2009","unstructured":"KimMM BlairJE CareyEJ WuQ SmilackJD. 2009. Coccidioidal pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000\u20132004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15: 397\u2013401.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.4.940-943.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a reemerging disease","volume":"83","author":"Crum NF","year":"2004","unstructured":"CrumNF LedermanER StaffordCM ParrishJS WallaceMR. 2004. Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a reemerging disease. Clinical characteristics and current controversies. Medicine (Baltimore) 83: 149\u2013175.","journal-title":"Clinical characteristics and current controversies. Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00531-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00531-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1627591713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00531-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00531-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00531-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}