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However, the approved human vaccine in the United States is derived from a vegetative culture filtrate of a toxigenic, nonencapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain that primarily contains protective antigen (PA). Immunization of mice with purified spore proteins and formalin-inactivated spores (FIS) from a nonencapsulated, nontoxigenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain confers protection against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            challenge when PA is also administered. To investigate the capacity of the spore particle to act as a vaccine without PA, we immunized mice subcutaneously with FIS from nontoxigenic, nonencapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. cereus<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain G9241 pBCXO1\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            \/pBC210\n            <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            (dcG9241), dcG9241 \u0394\n            <jats:italic>bclA<\/jats:italic>\n            , or 569-UM20 or with exosporium isolated from dcG9241. FIS vaccination provided significant protection of mice from intraperitoneal or intranasal challenge with spores of the virulent\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            Ames or Ames \u0394\n            <jats:italic>bclA<\/jats:italic>\n            strain. Immunization with dcG9241 \u0394\n            <jats:italic>bclA<\/jats:italic>\n            FIS, which are devoid of the immunodominant spore protein BclA, provided greater protection from challenge with either Ames strain than did immunization with FIS from BclA-producing strains. In addition, we used prechallenge immune antisera to probe a panel of recombinant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            Sterne spore proteins to identify novel immunogenic vaccine candidates. The antisera were variably reactive with BclA and with 10 other proteins, four of which were previously tested as vaccine candidates. Overall our data show that immunization with FIS from nontoxigenic, nonencapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. cereus<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains provides moderate to high levels of protection of mice from\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            Ames challenge and that neither PA nor BclA is required for this protection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00550-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T03:04:05Z","timestamp":1351739045000},"page":"56-65","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Immunization of Mice with Formalin-Inactivated Spores from Avirulent Bacillus cereus Strains Provides Significant Protection from Challenge with Bacillus anthracis Ames"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Vergis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhang","family":"Alem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christy L.","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Welkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison D.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \n2008. \nCutaneous anthrax associated with drum making using goat hides from West Africa\u2014Connecticut 2007. 57:628\u2013631."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \n2010. \nGastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event\u2014New Hampshire and Massachusetts 2009. 59:872\u2013877."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e3181ca650d","article-title":"Lessons learned from the investigation of a cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases in Connecticut","volume":"16","author":"Guh A","year":"2010","unstructured":"GuhA HeymanML BardenD FontanaJ HadlerJL. 2010. 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