{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T21:10:07Z","timestamp":1774559407324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants born to HIV-infected mothers from areas in the world with a high burden of infectious disease suffer higher infectious morbidity and mortality than their HIV unexposed uninfected (HUU) peers. Vaccination provides protection from infection. The possibility exists that altered response to vaccination contributes to the higher rate of infection in HEU than in HUU infants. While short-term, cross-sectional studies support this notion, it is unclear whether or not HEU infants develop long-term protective immune responses following the WHO extended program on immunization (EPI). Vaccine-specific antibody responses were compared between HEU and HUU infants from 2 weeks until 2 years of age in a longitudinal South African cohort. Total IgG and antibodies specific for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            type b (Hib), tetanus toxoid, hepatitis B virus (HepB), and measles virus were measured at multiple time points throughout the first 2 years of life. Prevaccine antibodies (maternal antibodies passively acquired) specific for tetanus were lower in HEU than in HUU infants, while prevaccine antibodies to HepB were higher in HEU than in HUU infants. Both groups responded similarly to tetanus, Hib, and HepB vaccination. HEU demonstrated stronger pertussis vaccine responses, developing protective titers 1 year earlier than HUU patients, and maintained higher anti-tetanus titers at 24 months of age. Vaccine-induced antibodies to measles virus were similar in both groups at all time points. Our results suggest that the current EPI vaccination program as practiced in South Africa leads to the development of vaccine-specific antibody responses that are equivalent in HEU and HUU infants. However, our data also suggest that a large fraction of both HEU and HUU South African infants have antibody titers for several infectious threats that remain below the level of protection for much of their first 2 years of life.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00557-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T03:04:05Z","timestamp":1351739045000},"page":"33-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Antibody Responses to Vaccination among South African HIV-Exposed and Unexposed Uninfected Infants during the First 2 Years of Life"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Reikie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Leaders in Medicine Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalena","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candice E.","family":"Ruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Slogrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corena","family":"de Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heleen","family":"la Grange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rozanne C. M.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Smolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Speert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark F.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias R.","family":"Kollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious &amp; Immunological Diseases and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328345d563","article-title":"Neonatal immunization: where do we stand?","volume":"24","author":"Wood N","year":"2011","unstructured":"WoodN SiegristCA. 2011. 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