{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:56:50Z","timestamp":1789617410276,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gates Malaria Partnership PhD Studentship"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Fellowship","award":["067902\/Z\/02\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067902\/Z\/02\/Z"]}]},{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Research Fellowship"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Programme Grant","award":["074124\/Z\/04\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["074124\/Z\/04\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Lymphocytes are implicated in immunity and pathogenesis of severe malaria. Since lymphocyte subsets vary with age, assessment of their contribution to different etiologies can be difficult. We immunophenotyped peripheral blood from Malawian children presenting with cerebral malaria, severe malarial anemia, and uncomplicated malaria (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 113) and healthy aparasitemic children (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 42) in Blantyre, Malawi, and investigated lymphocyte subset counts, activation, and memory status. Children with cerebral malaria were older than those with severe malarial anemia. We found panlymphopenia in children presenting with cerebral malaria (median lymphocyte count, 2,100\/\u03bcl) and uncomplicated malaria (3,700\/\u03bcl), which was corrected in convalescence and was absent in severe malarial anemia (5,950\/\u03bcl). Median percentages of activated CD69\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            NK (73%) and \u03b3\u03b4 T (60%) cells were higher in cerebral malaria than in other malaria types. Median ratios of memory to naive CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            lymphocytes were higher in cerebral malaria than in uncomplicated malaria and low in severe malarial anemia. The polarized lymphocyte subset profiles of different forms of severe malaria are independent of age. In conclusion, among Malawian children cerebral malaria is characterized by lymphocyte activation and increased memory cells, consistent with immune priming. In contrast, there are reduced memory cells and less activation in severe malaria anemia. Further studies are required to understand whether these immunological profiles indicate predisposition of some children to one or another form of severe malaria.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00564-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T03:34:22Z","timestamp":1447904062000},"page":"95-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lymphocyte Perturbations in Malawian Children with Severe and Uncomplicated Malaria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wilson L.","family":"Mandala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisomo L.","family":"Msefula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther N.","family":"Gondwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, 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E.","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Drayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm E.","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United 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