{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:18:24Z","timestamp":1759011504952},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A positive gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) response to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6)\/culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) has been taken to indicate latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, but it may also be due to exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria in which ESAT-6 homologues are present. We assessed the immune responses to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6 and cross-reactive responses to ESAT-6 homologues of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium kansasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Archived culture supernatant samples from children at 3 years post-BCG vaccination were tested for cytokine\/chemokine responses to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            antigens. Furthermore, the IFN-\u03b3 responses to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            antigens were followed up for 40 children at 8 years post-BCG vaccination, and 15 TB patients were recruited as a control group for the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6 response in Malawi. IFN-\u03b3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) on supernatants from diluted whole-blood assays, IFN-\u03b3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays, QuantiFERON TB Gold-In Tube tests, and multiplex bead assays were performed. More than 45% of the responders to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6 showed IFN-\u03b3 responses to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. avium<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. kansasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6. In response to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6\/CFP-10, interleukin 5 (IL-5), IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17 differentiated the stronger IFN-\u03b3 responders to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6 from those who preferentially responded to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. kansasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. avium<\/jats:named-content>\n            ESAT-6. A cytokine\/chemokine signature of IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17 was identified as a putative immunological biosignature to differentiate latent TB infection from exposure to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. avium<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. kansasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            in Malawian children, indicating that this signature might be particularly informative in areas where both TB and exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria are endemic.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00620-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]],"date-time":"2013-11-28T02:38:14Z","timestamp":1385606294000},"page":"133-142","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Identification of Immunological Biomarkers Which May Differentiate Latent Tuberculosis from Exposure to Environmental Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Children"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yun-Gyoung","family":"Hur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia C.","family":"Crampin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Chisambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kanyika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rein","family":"Houben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ndhlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Themba","family":"Mzembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maeve K.","family":"Lalor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacky","family":"Saul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Branson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolynne","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bagrey","family":"Ngwira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga District, Malawi"},{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom H.","family":"Ottenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hazel M.","family":"Dockrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &amp; 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