{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:09:58Z","timestamp":1770512998790,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of adjuvants for vaccines has become an important area of research as the number of protein-based vaccines against infectious pathogens increases. Currently, there are a number of adjuvant-based<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>vaccines in clinical trials that have shown efficacy in animal models. Despite these novel adjuvants, there is still a need to design new and more versatile adjuvants that have minimal adverse side effects but produce robust long-lasting adaptive immune responses. To this end, we hypothesized that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:named-content>spores may provide the appropriate innate signals that are required to generate such vaccine-mediated responses, which would be sufficient to reduce the mycobacterial burden after infection with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. In addition, we compared the response generated by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>spores to that generated by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), which has been used extensively to test tuberculosis vaccines. The well-characterized, 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>(ESAT-6; Rv3875) was used as a test antigen to determine the T cell activation potential of each adjuvant. Inoculated into mice,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. subtilis<\/jats:named-content>spores induced a strong proinflammatory response and Th1 immunity, similar to MPL; however, unlike MPL formulated with dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide, it failed to induce significant levels of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and was unable to significantly reduce the mycobacterial burden after pulmonary infection with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. Further analysis of the activity of MPL-DDA suggested that IL-17A was required for protective immunity. Taken together, the data emphasize the requirement for a network of cytokines that are essential for protective immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00622-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T04:50:27Z","timestamp":1391057427000},"page":"501-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Spores and Monophosphoryl Lipid A as Adjuvants of Protein-Based Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Based Vaccines: Partial Requirement for Interleukin-17A for Induction of Protective Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sandra C.","family":"Esparza-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber R.","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo A.","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2012","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO. 2012. 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