{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T22:02:09Z","timestamp":1757541729623,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cheetah population in Namibia is the largest free-ranging population in the world and a key population for research regarding the health status of this species. We used serological methods and quantitative real-time PCR to test free-ranging and captive Namibian cheetahs for the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), a gammaretrovirus that can be highly aggressive in populations with low genetic diversity, such as cheetahs. We also assessed the presence of antibodies to other gammaretroviruses and the responses to a FeLV vaccine developed for domestic cats. Up to 19% of the free-ranging cheetahs, 27% of the captive nonvaccinated cheetahs, and 86% of the captive vaccinated cheetahs tested positive for FeLV antibodies. FeLV-antibody-positive free-ranging cheetahs also tested positive for Rauscher murine leukemia virus antibodies. Nevertheless, FeLV was not detectable by quantitative real-time PCR and no reverse transcriptase activity was detectable by product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay in the plasma of cheetahs or the supernatants from cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presence of antibodies to gammaretroviruses in clinically healthy specimens may be caused either by infection with a low-pathogenic retrovirus or by the expression of endogenous retroviral sequences. The strong humoral immune responses to FeLV vaccination demonstrate that cheetahs can respond to the vaccine and that vaccination against FeLV infection may be beneficial should FeLV infection ever become a threat, as was seen in Iberian lynx and Florida panthers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00705-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]],"date-time":"2015-03-26T09:16:28Z","timestamp":1427361388000},"page":"611-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gammaretrovirus-Specific Antibodies in Free-Ranging and Captive Namibian Cheetahs"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Krengel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentino","family":"Cattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina L.","family":"Meli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Wachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"B\u00f6ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie R.","family":"Bisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Thalwitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Melzheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AfriCat Foundation, Otjiwarongo, Namibia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Hofmann-Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heribert","family":"Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Durant S Marker L Purchase N Belbachir F Hunter L Packer C Breitenmoser-Wursten C Sogbohossou E Bauer H. 2008. Acinonyx jubatus on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/219\/0. Accessed 24 July 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2983425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0586-84"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(88)90058-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Feline coronavirus infection of cheetahs","volume":"16","author":"Evermann JF","year":"1986","unstructured":"Evermann JF, Roelke ME, Briggs MB. 1986. Feline coronavirus infection of cheetahs. Feline Pract 16:21\u201330.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430080103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.10.6008-6018.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Prevalence of exposure to feline immunodeficiency virus in exotic felids","volume":"24","author":"Brown EW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brown EW, Miththapala S, O'Brien SJ. 1993. Prevalence of exposure to feline immunodeficiency virus in exotic felids. J Zoo Wildl Med 24:357\u2013364.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00345-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Thalwitzer S. 2007. Reproductive activity in cheetah females cub survival and health of male and female cheetahs on Namibian farmland. Ph.D. dissertation. Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.3.542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Animal health and veterinary medicine in Namibia","author":"Schneider HP","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schneider HP. 1991. Animal health and veterinary medicine in Namibia. Agrivet, Windhoek, Namibia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Cheetah survival on Namibian farmlands","author":"Marker-Kraus L","year":"1996","unstructured":"Marker-Kraus L, Kraus D, Barnett D, Hurlbut S. 1996. Cheetah survival on Namibian farmlands. Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"Atlas of Namibia: a portrait of the land and its people","author":"Mendelsohn J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mendelsohn J, Jarvis A, Roberts C, Robertson T. 2002. Atlas of Namibia: a portrait of the land and its people. David Philip Publisher, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Peoples of Namibia","author":"Malan JS","year":"1995","unstructured":"Malan JS. 1995. Peoples of Namibia. Rhino Publisher, Pretoria, South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2010.00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.11.2054","article-title":"Course of feline leukemia virus infection and its detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and monoclonal antibodies","volume":"44","author":"Lutz H","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lutz H, Pedersen NC, Theilen GH. 1983. Course of feline leukemia virus infection and its detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and monoclonal antibodies. Am J Vet Res 44:2054\u20132059.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1589","article-title":"Feline leukaemia provirus load during the course of experimental infection and in naturally infected cats","volume":"82","author":"Hofmann-Lehmann R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hofmann-Lehmann R, Huder JB, Gruber S, Boretti F, Sigrist B, Lutz H. 2001. Feline leukaemia provirus load during the course of experimental infection and in naturally infected cats. J Gen Virol 82:1589\u20131596.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90413-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.10.1446","article-title":"Vaccination of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, using a recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine","volume":"199","author":"Lehmann R","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lehmann R, Franchini M, Aubert A, Wolfensberger C, Cronier J, Lutz H. 1991. Vaccination of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, using a recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1446\u20131452.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"3642","article-title":"Humoral immune reactivity to feline leukemia virus and associated antigens in cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus","volume":"40","author":"Lutz H","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lutz H, Pedersen N, Higgins J, Hubscher U, Troy FA, Theilen GH. 1980. Humoral immune reactivity to feline leukemia virus and associated antigens in cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus. Cancer Res 40:3642\u20133651.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"773","article-title":"Specificity assessment of feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus serology","volume":"35","author":"Lutz H","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lutz H, Arnold P, Hubscher U, Egberink H, Pedersen N, Horzinek MC. 1988. Specificity assessment of feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus serology. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 35:773\u2013778.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00100-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"Serological survey of sera from lions in Etosha National Park","volume":"23","author":"Spencer JA","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spencer JA, Morkel P. 1993. Serological survey of sera from lions in Etosha National Park. S Afr J Wildl Res 23:60\u201361.","journal-title":"S Afr J Wildl Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"Incidence of antibodies reacting to feline immunodeficiency virus in a population of Asian lions","volume":"22","author":"Letcher JD","year":"1991","unstructured":"Letcher JD, O'Conner TP. 1991. Incidence of antibodies reacting to feline immunodeficiency virus in a population of Asian lions. J Zoo Wildl Med 22:324\u2013329.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"453","article-title":"Feline lentivirus and feline oncovirus status of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Botswana: a regional perspective","volume":"27","author":"Osofsky SA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Osofsky SA, Hirsch KJ, Zuckermann EE, Hardy WD. 1996. Feline lentivirus and feline oncovirus status of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Botswana: a regional perspective. J Zoo Wildl Med 27:453\u2013467.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.7.1766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"423","article-title":"The phenomenon and significance of teratospermia in felids","volume":"57","author":"Pukazhenthi BS","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pukazhenthi BS, Wildt DE, Howard JG. 2001. The phenomenon and significance of teratospermia in felids. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57:423\u2013433.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod29.4.1019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00886-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009065"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00705-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00705-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T16:48:37Z","timestamp":1747846117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00705-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"R. L.","family":"Hodinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00705-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00705-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-6811"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-679X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}