{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:15:26Z","timestamp":1778865326345,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccination remains the most effective public health tool to prevent infectious diseases. Many vaccines are marginally effective and need enhancement for immunocompromised, elderly, and very young populations. To enhance immunogenicity, we exploited the biphasic property of the (RADA)4 synthetic oligopeptide to create VacSIM (vaccine self-assembling immune matrix), a new delivery method. VacSIM solution can easily be mixed with antigens, organisms, and adjuvants for injection. Postinjection, the peptides self-assemble into hydrated nanofiber gel matrices, forming a depot with antigens and adjuvants in the aqueous phase. We believe the depot provides slow release of immunogens, leading to increased activation of antigen-presenting cells that then drive enhanced immunogenicity. Using recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (rHBsAg) as a model immunogen, we compared VacSIM delivery to delivery in alum or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Delivery of the rHBsAg antigen to mice via VacSIM without adjuvant elicited higher specific IgG responses than when rHBsAg was delivered in alum or CFA. Evaluating IgG subtypes showed a mixed Th1\/Th2 type response following immunization with VacSIM, which was driven further toward Th1 with addition of CpG as the adjuvant. Increased specific IgG endpoint titers were observed in both C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice, representative of Th1 and Th2 environments, respectively. Restimulation of splenocytes suggests that VacSIM does not cause an immediate proinflammatory response in the host. Overall, these results suggest that VacSIM, as a new delivery method, has the potential to enhance immunogenicity and efficacy of numerous vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00714-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T05:59:26Z","timestamp":1421906366000},"page":"336-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vaccine Self-Assembling Immune Matrix Is a New Delivery Platform That Enhances Immune Responses to Recombinant HBsAg in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rafaella F. Q.","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Shollenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. 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