{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:37:23Z","timestamp":1777631843254,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cryoglobulin characteristics in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) might be of importance for knowing more about the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease. We aimed to investigate the relationship between cryoglobulin types and their specificity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigenic epitopes in CHC patients. We analyzed samples from 43 patients with HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia, of whom 4 had concomitant lymphoma. Cryoglobulins were measured, purified, typed by immunofixation electrophoresis, and tested for IgG and IgM anti-HCV antibodies by immunoblot analysis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical and other laboratory data were recorded. The median cryocrit level of the tested samples was 6%. Type I cryoglobulins were detected in 9.3% (4\/43) of the cryoprecipitates, and type II cryoglobulins were detected in 48.8% (21\/43) of the cryoprecipitates. IgM monoclonal protein, mainly IgM(\u03ba), was found in 92% (23\/25) of type I and II cryoprecipitates. Type III cryoglobulins were identified in 41.9% (18\/43) of the patients and were associated with high blood serum IgG levels. In 81.3% (13\/16) of type II and 92.3% (12\/13) of type III cryoglobulins, there was IgG reactivity against the viral core region. Ninety-two percent and 32% of IgG anti-HCV core-positive cryoprecipitates had additional specificities against the NS3 and NS4 regions, respectively. Also, IgM anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 31% of the cryoprecipitates. In conclusion, all types of cryoglobulins were found in patients with HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia, with type II being the most frequently identified. Type III cryoglobulins were common and were associated with high serum IgG levels. HCV-related cryoglobulins demonstrated IgM, and particularly IgG, anti-HCV specificities, mainly against the core and NS3 epitopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00720-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T04:13:37Z","timestamp":1362629617000},"page":"698-703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Related Cryoglobulinemia: Cryoglobulin Type and Anti-HCV Profile"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Minopetrou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Hadziyannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tampaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asimina","family":"Georgiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Dimopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Vassilopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Koskinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073651_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.04.014","article-title":"Hepatitis C viral life cycle","volume":"59","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. 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