{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:03:57Z","timestamp":1785546237770,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Asymptomatic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infections are common in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Although<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>combined with HIV would be likely to enhance inflammation, the asymptomatic course suggests otherwise. We assessed local inflammation, mucosal damage, and cytokine concentrations in rectal mucosal fluid samples from patients with HIV (with or without the use of combination antiretroviral therapy [cART]) and with or without the presence of rectal<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>. Rectal swabs from 79 MSM (with and without<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>, HIV, and cART use) who reported a history of receptive anal sex were analyzed for neutrophil activation (measured by myeloperoxidase [MPO]), mucosal leakage (measured by albumin and alpha-2-macroglobulin), and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection, HIV infection, and cART use in MSM had no differential effects on rectal neutrophilic inflammation and mucosal damage. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) was found to correlate with MPO, and MPO correlated with markers of mucosal damage. In HIV-negative participants, men with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection had lower concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-1\u03b1, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) than men without rectal<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.005, 0.007, and 0.07, respectively). We found no difference in anal cytokine concentrations in HIV-infected participants in relation to the presence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection or cART use. In participants with rectal<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection, those who were HIV negative had lower median concentrations of IL-8 and IL-1\u03b1 than those with HIV (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.05 and 0.06, respectively). The slope of the regression line between MPO and IL-8 was reduced in participants with rectal<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>dampens cytokine concentrations but not in HIV-infected patients. The extent of mucosal damage was comparable in all patient groups. The apparent reduced neutrophil response to IL-8 in HIV-infected patients with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>infection is in accordance with its asymptomatic course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00763-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T04:46:41Z","timestamp":1375332401000},"page":"1517-1523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effect of HIV and Chlamydia Infection on Rectal Inflammation and Cytokine Concentrations in Men Who Have Sex with Men"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marlies","family":"Heiligenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Lutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasja","family":"Pajkrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titia","family":"Heijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten F.","family":"Schim van der Loeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Geerlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073709_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.433","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis: impact on human reproduction","volume":"5","author":"Paavonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. 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