{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:10:40Z","timestamp":1779235840780,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The threat of varicella and herpes zoster in immunocompromised individuals necessitates the development of a safe and effective varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine. The immune responses of guinea pigs to the intradermal (i.d.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of a heat-inactivated or live VZV vaccine were investigated. Relative to nonimmunized animals, a single 399-PFU dose of vaccine induced nonsignificant increases in gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), granzyme B, and perforin mRNA expression in the splenocytes of all groups, while two i.d. administrations of the inactivated vaccine increased IFN-\u03b3 mRNA expression significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.005). A single 1,995-PFU dose significantly increased the expression of IFN-\u03b3 mRNA in the groups receiving the vaccine either i.d. (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.005) or s.c. (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05), that of granzyme B mRNA in the groups immunized i.d. with the inactivated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.005) or live (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.005) vaccine, and that of perforin mRNA in the animals that received the inactivated vaccine i.d. (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.005). Importantly, increases in the expression of IFN-\u03b3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.025), granzyme B (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.004), and perforin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05) mRNAs were observed in the animals immunized i.d. with 1,995 PFU of inactivated vaccine relative to those immunized s.c. with the same dose. The proportion of animals expressing IFN-\u03b3 mRNA mirrored the proportion expressing IFN-\u03b3 protein (correlation coefficient of 0.88). VZV glycoprotein-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies were produced with no significant intergroup differences. A booster i.d. administration of the 399-PFU dose of heat-inactivated vaccine enhanced the antibody responses. These results demonstrate that i.d. administration of an inactivated VZV vaccine can be an efficient mode of immunization against VZV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00773-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,19]],"date-time":"2015-03-19T02:33:43Z","timestamp":1426732423000},"page":"570-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High-Level Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Guinea Pigs Immunized Intradermally with a Heat-Inactivated Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Sarkadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mate","family":"Jankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Takacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ildiko","family":"Visontai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Istvan","family":"Jankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Gonczol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073802_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2010_31","article-title":"VZV T-cell mediated immunity","volume":"342","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90144-5","article-title":"Live vaccine used to prevent the spread of varicella in children in hospital","volume":"304","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0918","article-title":"Varicella vaccine: genesis, efficacy, and attenuation","volume":"284","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.2.157","article-title":"FDA approves shingles vaccine: herpes zoster vaccine targets older adults","volume":"296","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S237","DOI":"10.1086\/522129","article-title":"Strategies for zoster vaccination in immunocompromised patients","volume":"197","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1086\/514077","article-title":"Early reconstitution of immunity and decreased severity of herpes zoster in bone marrow transplant recipients immunized with inactivated varicella vaccine","volume":"176","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit344","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of heat-treated zoster vaccine (ZVHT) in immunocompromised adults","volume":"208","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00552-6","article-title":"Comparison of a live attenuated and an inactivated varicella vaccine to boost the varicella-specific immune response in seropositive people 55 years of age and older","volume":"18","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073802_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-013-0298-x","article-title":"Progress in VZV vaccination? 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