{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:43:55Z","timestamp":1780541035160,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on the serological detection of antibodies against the etiologic agent<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>. Current diagnostics are insensitive at detecting early infection, when treatment is most effective. This deficiency results from the limited number of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>antigens expressed in early infection and the use of an insensitive two-tier paradigm, put in place to deal with insufficient specificity associated with the use of whole-protein antigens and\/or bacterial lysates as serodiagnostic targets. Whole-protein antigens contain epitopes that are unique to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>as well as cross-reactive epitopes found in other bacteria. One method for overcoming the limitations imposed by cross-reactive epitopes is the use of short peptides containing epitopes unique to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>as antigen targets. This eliminates nonspecific epitopes. Using overlapping peptide libraries, we performed epitope mapping of linear epitopes in oligopeptide permease A2 (OppA2), a member of the oligopeptide permease (Opp) family of peptide transporters, expressed during early<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>infection. We identified 9 epitopes, synthesized peptides containing these epitopes, and screened those using panels of blood from patients with early Lyme disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or syphilis or from healthy individuals. Two of the peptides, OppA2 (191-225) (amino acids comprising the peptide are shown in parentheses) and OppA2 (381-400), are highly conserved among the three major pathogenic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>species responsible for most Lyme disease cases in North America and Europe. They detected antibodies in Lyme disease patient sera with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to indicate that they could have value in a serological assay for Lyme disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00792-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T04:34:17Z","timestamp":1394685257000},"page":"704-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Identification of OppA2 Linear Epitopes as Serodiagnostic Markers for Lyme Disease"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Signorino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Arnaboldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Petzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Dattwyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073731_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180919073731_B3","first-page":"454","article-title":"Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Asch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1086\/649920","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment duration and long-term outcomes of patients with early Lyme disease from a Lyme disease-hyperendemic area","volume":"50","author":"Kowalski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1086\/649921","article-title":"A commentary on the treatment of early Lyme disease","volume":"50","author":"Dattwyler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(03)00086-5","article-title":"Neurologic aspects of Lyme disease","volume":"86","author":"Coyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-013-0240-y","article-title":"Nervous system Lyme disease: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Halperin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00330-07","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: current concepts and a change in paradigm","volume":"15","author":"Nardelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-725","article-title":"The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis","volume":"107","author":"Steere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01146-5","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"352","author":"Nadelman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180919073731_B11","first-page":"590","article-title":"Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Dis","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005","article-title":"Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"18","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/508667","article-title":"The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"43","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B14","first-page":"531","article-title":"Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1996","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1997","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.79","article-title":"Lyme disease serology: problems and opportunities","volume":"282","author":"Wormser","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180919073731_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3990-3996.1999","article-title":"Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1086\/374395","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates","volume":"187","author":"Bacon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.09.003","article-title":"Single-tier testing with the C6 peptide ELISA kit compared with two-tier testing for Lyme disease","volume":"75","author":"Wormser","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00608-1210.1128\/CVI.00608-12","article-title":"Outer surface protein C peptide derived from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto as a target for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease","volume":"20","author":"Arnaboldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00122-07","article-title":"Epitope length, genospecies dependency, and serum panel effect in the IR6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"14","author":"Gomes-Solecki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00461-10","article-title":"BBK07 immunodominant peptides as serodiagnostic markers of Lyme disease","volume":"18","author":"Coleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00048-08","article-title":"A genome-wide proteome array reveals a limited set of immunogens in natural infections of humans and white-footed mice with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"76","author":"Barbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.2.419-427.1995","article-title":"Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Engstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1735-1739.2000","article-title":"Serologic diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant antigens","volume":"38","author":"Magnarelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00189-06","article-title":"Serologic proteome analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi membrane-associated proteins","volume":"74","author":"Nowalk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00437-09","article-title":"The borrelial fibronectin-binding protein RevA is an early antigen of human Lyme disease","volume":"17","author":"Brissette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.1.193-197.2002","article-title":"Recombinant assay for serodiagnosis of Lyme disease regardless of OspA vaccination status","volume":"40","author":"Gomes-Solecki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1086\/324490","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostic techniques for patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans: a comparison of different techniques","volume":"33","author":"Lyme Disease Study Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.22.6198-6206.2002","article-title":"Effects of environmental changes on expression of the oligopeptide permease (opp) genes of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5063-5072.2004","article-title":"Temporal analysis of the antigenic composition of Borrelia burgdorferi during infection in rabbit skin","volume":"72","author":"Crother","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4115-4122.1998","article-title":"Lyme disease-causing Borrelia species encode multiple lipoproteins homologous to peptide-binding proteins of ABC-type transporters","volume":"66","author":"Kornacki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(00)00121-X","article-title":"Functional testing of putative oligopeptide permease (Opp) proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi: a complementation model in opp(\u2212) Escherichia coli","volume":"1499","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"key20180919073731_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.15.4432-4441.2003","article-title":"Genetic variation at the vlsE locus of Borrelia burgdorferi within ticks and mice over the course of a single transmission cycle","volume":"185","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.10.002","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (BbCRASPs): expression patterns during the mammal-tick infection cycle","volume":"298","author":"Bykowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3474-3479.1998","article-title":"Peptide-based OspC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"36","author":"Mathiesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00476-0910.1128\/CVI.00476-09","article-title":"Rapid, simple, quantitative, and highly sensitive antibody detection for Lyme disease","volume":"17","author":"Burbelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.5042-5055.2003","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi population dynamics and prototype gene expression during infection of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice","volume":"71","author":"Hodzic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073731_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00228-1210.1128\/CVI.00228-12","article-title":"Dynamic longitudinal antibody responses during Borrelia burgdorferi infection and antibiotic treatment of rhesus macaques","volume":"19","author":"Embers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"key20180919073731_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-4-1033","article-title":"Oligopeptide permease in Borrelia burgdorferi: putative peptide-binding components encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid loci","volume":"144","author":"Bono","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00792-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T20:50:48Z","timestamp":1627591848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00792-13"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"C. J.","family":"Papasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00792-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00792-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]}}}