{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:30:09Z","timestamp":1784730609263,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>O1 is a noninvasive enteric pathogen and serves as a model for studies of mucosal immunity. Although symptomatic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>infection induces durable protection against subsequent disease, vaccination with oral killed whole-cell<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>stimulates less long-lasting protection against cholera. In this study, we demonstrated that cholera induces an early proinflammatory cellular immune response that results in priming of Th1- and Th17-type cytokine responses to<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>antigenic stimulation and an increase in the ratio of Th1 to Th2 CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cell responses. Comparable priming of Th1 and Th17 responses, with an increased ratio of Th1 to Th2 CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cell responses, was not observed in subjects who received two doses of the oral cholera vaccine Dukoral (a whole-cell cholera toxin B subunit containing [WC-CTB] vaccine). These findings suggest that natural<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>infection induces an early, proinflammatory cellular immune response, despite the apparent lack of clinical signs of inflammation. The failure of the WC-CTB vaccine to activate equivalent, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T-cell responses is a potential explanation for the shorter duration of protection following immunization with this vaccine. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these early T-cell-mediated events predict the subsequent duration of immunologic memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05088-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]],"date-time":"2011-06-23T00:17:02Z","timestamp":1308788222000},"page":"1371-1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection Induces Proinflammatory CD4<sup>+<\/sup>T-Cell Responses in Blood and Intestinal Mucosa of Infected Humans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Kuchta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, 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