{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T10:25:50Z","timestamp":1751624750023},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several cell wall constituents, including melanins or melanin-like compounds, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of microbial diseases caused by diverse species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and helminthes. Among these microorganisms, the dimorphic fungal pathogen<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>produces melanin in its conidial and yeast forms. In the present study, melanin particles from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>were injected into BALB\/c mice in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We identified five immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) \u03ba-chain and four IgM melanin-binding MAbs. The five IgG1 \u03ba-chain isotypes are the first melanin-binding IgG MAbs ever reported. The nine MAbs labeled<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>conidia and yeast cells both<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and in pulmonary tissues. The MAbs cross-reacted with melanin-like purified particles from other fungi and also with commercial melanins, such as synthetic and<jats:italic>Sepia officinalis<\/jats:italic>melanin. Melanization during paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) was also further supported by the detection of IgG antibodies reactive to melanin from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>conidia and yeast in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>-infected mice, as well as in sera from human patients with PCM. Serum specimens from patients with other mycoses were also tested for melanin-binding antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cross-reactivities were detected for melanin particles from different fungal sources. These results suggest that melanin from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>is an immunologically active fungal structure that activates a strong IgG humoral response in humans and mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05099-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T00:58:00Z","timestamp":1312419480000},"page":"1680-1688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Detection of Antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Melanin in<i>In Vitro<\/i>and<i>In Vivo<\/i>Studies during Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Martha E.","family":"Ur\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Nosanchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz L.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz E.","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073536_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-137-4-837","article-title":"Characterization of Fonsecaea pedrosoi melanin","volume":"137","author":"Alviano","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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