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To explore the potential of NspA in vaccine development against gonorrhea, BALB\/c mice were immunized with pcNspA containing the NspA gene from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>strain WHO-A via intramuscular (i.m.) injection, intranasal (i.n.) immunization, or intravaginal (i.vag.) immunization. Following the last DNA immunization, mice were boosted with recombinant NspA (rNspA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) indicated that all immunized mice generated measurable NspA-specific IgG and IgA in serum and secretory IgA (sIgA) in vaginal wash fluids. The antisera had bactericidal and opsonic activities. 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