{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:55:00Z","timestamp":1787586900918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:named-content>BCG is administered to human neonates in many countries worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess if BCG could act as an adjuvant for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in newborns and thereby induce protective immunity against encapsulated bacteria in early infancy when susceptibility is high. We assessed whether BCG could enhance immune responses to a meningococcal C (MenC) conjugate vaccine, MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>, in mice primed as neonates, broaden the antibody response from a dominant IgG1 toward a mixed IgG1 and IgG2a\/IgG2b response, and increase protective efficacy, as measured by serum bactericidal activity (SBA). Two-week-old mice were primed subcutaneously (s.c.) with MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>. BCG was administered concomitantly, a day or a week before MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>. An adjuvant effect of BCG was observed only when it was given concomitantly with MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197,<\/jats:sub>with increased IgG response (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.002) and SBA (8-fold) after a second immunization with MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>without BCG, indicating increased T-cell help. In neonatal mice (1 week old) primed s.c. with MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>together with BCG, MenC-polysaccharide (PS)-specific IgG was enhanced compared to MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>alone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.0015). Sixteen days after the second immunization with MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>, increased IgG (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05), IgG1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05), IgG2a (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.06), and IgG2b (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) were observed, and only mice primed with MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>plus BCG showed affinity maturation and detectable SBA (SBA &gt; 128). Thus, vaccination with a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (and possibly with other conjugates) may benefit from concomitant administration of BCG in the neonatal period to accelerate and enhance production of protective antibodies, compared to the current infant administration of conjugate which follows BCG vaccination at birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05247-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T02:48:13Z","timestamp":1315450093000},"page":"1936-1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Concomitant Administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with the Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine to Neonatal Mice Enhances Antibody Response and Protective Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Siggeir F.","family":"Brynjolfsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Landspitali, Department of Immunology, Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania P.","family":"Bjarnarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landspitali, Department of Immunology, Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingileif","family":"Jonsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landspitali, Department of Immunology, Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1211","article-title":"The success and failure of BCG\u2014implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Andersen P.","year":"2005","unstructured":"AndersenP. DohertyT. M.. 2005. The success and failure of BCG\u2014implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:656\u2013662.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1767","article-title":"IL-21-induced isotype switching to IgG and IgA by human naive B cells is differentially regulated by IL-4","volume":"181","author":"Avery D. T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"AveryD. T. BryantV. L. MaC. S. de Waal MalefytR. TangyeS. G.. 2008. IL-21-induced isotype switching to IgG and IgA by human naive B cells is differentially regulated by IL-4. J. Immunol. 181:1767\u20131779.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4785-4790.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425850","article-title":"The advantage of mucosal immunization for polysaccharide-specific memory responses in early life","volume":"35","author":"Bjarnarson S. P.","year":"2005","unstructured":"BjarnarsonS. P.. 2005. The advantage of mucosal immunization for polysaccharide-specific memory responses in early life. Eur. J. Immunol. 35:1037\u20131045.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.051","article-title":"Meningococcal surrogates of protection\u2014serum bactericidal antibody activity","volume":"23","author":"Borrow R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"BorrowR. BalmerP. MillerE.. 2005. Meningococcal surrogates of protection\u2014serum bactericidal antibody activity. Vaccine 23:2222\u20132227.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1086\/314072","article-title":"Preventing tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine: a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Brewer T. F","year":"2000","unstructured":"BrewerT. F. 2000. Preventing tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine: a meta-analysis of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(Suppl. 3):S64\u2013S67.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.083","article-title":"Neonatal immune response and serum bactericidal activity induced by a meningococcal conjugate vaccine is enhanced by LT-K63 and CpG2006","volume":"26","author":"Brynjolfsson S. F.","year":"2008","unstructured":"BrynjolfssonS. F. BjarnarsonS. P. MoriE. Del GiudiceG. JonsdottirI.. 2008. Neonatal immune response and serum bactericidal activity induced by a meningococcal conjugate vaccine is enhanced by LT-K63 and CpG2006. Vaccine 26:4557\u20134562.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(03)00017-9","article-title":"Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: lessons from inbred strains of mice","volume":"83","author":"Chackerian A. A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"ChackerianA. A. BeharS. M.. 2003. Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: lessons from inbred strains of mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb.) 83:279\u2013285.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00336-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Vaccination strategies","volume":"21","author":"Del Giudice G","year":"2003","unstructured":"Del GiudiceG. 2003. Vaccination strategies. An overview. Vaccine 21(Suppl. 2):S83\u2013S88.","journal-title":"An overview. Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Systematic review: impact of meningococcal vaccination on pharyngeal carriage of meningococci. Trop. Med","volume":"12","author":"Dellicour S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"DellicourS. GreenwoodB.. 2007. Systematic review: impact of meningococcal vaccination on pharyngeal carriage of meningococci. Trop. Med. Int. Health 12:1409\u20131421.","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(88)90177-6","article-title":"Potency testing of BCG vaccines on white mice: influence of variables on survival time, lung findings and vaccine assessment","volume":"6","author":"Freudenstein H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"FreudensteinH. WeinmannE. HillI.. 1988. Potency testing of BCG vaccines on white mice: influence of variables on survival time, lung findings and vaccine assessment. Vaccine 6:315\u2013327.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.6.1475-1482.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.12.017","article-title":"Protective efficacy of intranasal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG against airway Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice","volume":"53","author":"Giri P. K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"GiriP. K. VermaI. KhullerG. K.. 2006. Protective efficacy of intranasal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG against airway Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. J. Infect. 53:350\u2013356.","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108235","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants","volume":"56","author":"Gold R.","year":"1975","unstructured":"GoldR. LepowM. L. GoldschneiderI. DraperT. L. GotschlichE. C.. 1975. Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants. J. Clin. Invest. 56:1536\u20131547.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(93)90369-I","article-title":"The role of pH in modified ELISA procedures used for the estimation of functional antibody affinity","volume":"166","author":"Goldblatt D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"GoldblattD. van EttenL. van MilligenF. J. AalberseR. C. TurnerM. W.. 1993. The role of pH in modified ELISA procedures used for the estimation of functional antibody affinity. J. Immunol. Methods 166:281\u2013285.","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.6.1307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.3.2141","article-title":"Deficient IL-12(p35) gene expression by dendritic cells derived from neonatal monocytes","volume":"166","author":"Goriely S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"GorielyS.. 2001. Deficient IL-12(p35) gene expression by dendritic cells derived from neonatal monocytes. J. Immunol. 166:2141\u20132146.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01191-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02165.x","article-title":"Adjuvants LT-K63 and CpG enhance the activation of dendritic cells in neonatal mice","volume":"68","author":"Hannesdottir S. G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"HannesdottirS. G. OlafsdottirT. A. GiudiceG. D. JonsdottirI.. 2008. Adjuvants LT-K63 and CpG enhance the activation of dendritic cells in neonatal mice. Scand. J. Immunol. 68:469\u2013475.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.10035","article-title":"Species comparison of anatomical and functional immune system development","volume":"68","author":"Holsapple M. P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"HolsappleM. P. WestL. J. LandrethK. S.. 2003. Species comparison of anatomical and functional immune system development. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 68:321\u2013334.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2008.12.004","article-title":"Well-defined and potent liposomal hepatitis B vaccines adjuvanted with lipophilic MDP derivatives","volume":"5","author":"Jain V.","year":"2009","unstructured":"JainV. VyasS. P. KohliD. V.. 2009. Well-defined and potent liposomal hepatitis B vaccines adjuvanted with lipophilic MDP derivatives. Nanomedicine 5:334\u2013344.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1443-1452.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535102","article-title":"Early life T cell responses to pneumococcal conjugates increase with age and determine the polysaccharide-specific antibody response and protective efficacy","volume":"36","author":"Jakobsen H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"JakobsenH.. 2006. Early life T cell responses to pneumococcal conjugates increase with age and determine the polysaccharide-specific antibody response and protective efficacy. Eur. J. Immunol. 36:287\u2013295.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00019-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.3.1294","article-title":"Dendritic cells are host cells for mycobacteria in vivo that trigger innate and acquired immunity","volume":"168","author":"Jiao X.","year":"2002","unstructured":"JiaoX.. 2002. Dendritic cells are host cells for mycobacteria in vivo that trigger innate and acquired immunity. J. Immunol. 168:1294\u20131301.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60393-5","article-title":"New vaccines for tuberculosis","volume":"375","author":"Kaufmann S. H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"KaufmannS. H. HusseyG. LambertP. H.. 2010. New vaccines for tuberculosis. Lancet 375:2110\u20132119.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.09.034","article-title":"Neonatal vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine accelerates the acquisition of pertussis antibodies in infants","volume":"152","author":"Knuf M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"KnufM.. 2008. Neonatal vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine accelerates the acquisition of pertussis antibodies in infants. J. Pediatr. 152:655\u2013660.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.6.417","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of meningococcal disease","volume":"56","author":"Kvalsvig A. J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"KvalsvigA. J. UnsworthD. J.. 2003. The immunopathogenesis of meningococcal disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 56:417\u2013422.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1216","article-title":"Can. successful vaccines teach us how to induce efficient protective immune responses?","volume":"11","author":"Lambert P. H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"LambertP. H. LiuM. SiegristC. A.. 2005. Can. successful vaccines teach us how to induce efficient protective immune responses? Nat. Med. 11:S54\u2013S62.","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.200","article-title":"Induction of immunologic memory in Gambian children by vaccination in infancy with a group A plus group C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine","volume":"175","author":"Leach A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"LeachA.. 1997. Induction of immunologic memory in Gambian children by vaccination in infancy with a group A plus group C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 175:200\u2013204.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1086\/317667","article-title":"Immunologic memory 5 years after meningococcal A\/C conjugate vaccination in infancy","volume":"183","author":"MacLennan J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"MacLennanJ.. 2001. Immunologic memory 5 years after meningococcal A\/C conjugate vaccination in infancy. J. Infect. Dis. 183:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00139-5","article-title":"Immune response to revaccination with meningococcal A and C polysaccharides in Gambian children following repeated immunisation during early childhood","volume":"17","author":"MacLennan J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"MacLennanJ.. 1999. Immune response to revaccination with meningococcal A and C polysaccharides in Gambian children following repeated immunisation during early childhood. Vaccine 17:3086\u20133093.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.2249","article-title":"Newborns develop a Th1-type immune response to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination","volume":"163","author":"Marchant A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"MarchantA.. 1999. Newborns develop a Th1-type immune response to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. J. Immunol. 163:2249\u20132255.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.4.2.156-167.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.05.010","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells as cognate regulators of B cell immunity","volume":"21","author":"McHeyzer-Williams L. J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"McHeyzer-WilliamsL. J. PelletierN. MarkL. FazilleauN. McHeyzer-WilliamsM. G.. 2009. Follicular helper T cells as cognate regulators of B cell immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 21:266\u2013273.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02225.x","article-title":"IC31, a two-component novel adjuvant mixed with a conjugate vaccine enhances protective immunity against pneumococcal disease in neonatal mice","volume":"69","author":"Olafsdottir T. A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"OlafsdottirT. A. LingnauK. NagyE. JonsdottirI.. 2009. IC31, a two-component novel adjuvant mixed with a conjugate vaccine enhances protective immunity against pneumococcal disease in neonatal mice. Scand. J. Immunol. 69:194\u2013202.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.919","article-title":"Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin on antibody and cytokine responses to human neonatal vaccination","volume":"168","author":"Ota M. O.","year":"2002","unstructured":"OtaM. O.. 2002. Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin on antibody and cytokine responses to human neonatal vaccination. J. Immunol. 168:919\u2013925.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.2824","article-title":"Unresponsiveness to lymphoid-mediated signals at the neonatal follicular dendritic cell precursor level contributes to delayed germinal center induction and limitations of neonatal antibody responses to T-dependent antigens","volume":"170","author":"Pihlgren M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"PihlgrenM.. 2003. Unresponsiveness to lymphoid-mediated signals at the neonatal follicular dendritic cell precursor level contributes to delayed germinal center induction and limitations of neonatal antibody responses to T-dependent antigens. J. Immunol. 170:2824\u20132832.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1086\/648964","article-title":"Prevention of meningococcal disease: current use of polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines","volume":"50","author":"Poland G. A","year":"2010","unstructured":"PolandG. A. 2010. Prevention of meningococcal disease: current use of polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(Suppl. 2):S45\u2013S53.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000147642.85129.05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.027","article-title":"Neonatal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG: potential effects as a priming agent shown in a heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol","volume":"27","author":"Rahman M. J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"RahmanM. J. FernandezC.. 2009. Neonatal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG: potential effects as a priming agent shown in a heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol. Vaccine 27:4038\u20134046.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000126297.28952.f8","article-title":"Dosage escalation, safety and immunogenicity study of four dosages of a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in infants","volume":"23","author":"Rennels M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"RennelsM. KingJ.Jr. RyallR. PapaT. FroeschleJ.. 2004. Dosage escalation, safety and immunogenicity study of four dosages of a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23:429\u2013435.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/317646","article-title":"Ability of 3 different meningococcal C conjugate vaccines to induce immunologic memory after a single dose in UK toddlers","volume":"183","author":"Richmond P.","year":"2001","unstructured":"RichmondP.. 2001. Ability of 3 different meningococcal C conjugate vaccines to induce immunologic memory after a single dose in UK toddlers. J. Infect. Dis. 183:160\u2013163.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540140069031","article-title":"Prevention of systemic infections, especially meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b","volume":"276","author":"Robbins J. B.","year":"1996","unstructured":"RobbinsJ. B. SchneersonR. AndersonP. SmithD. H.. 1996. Prevention of systemic infections, especially meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. JAMA 276:1181\u20131185.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3521-3528.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.04.016","article-title":"Human dendritic cells induce the differentiation of interleukin-21-producing T follicular helper-like cells through interleukin-12","volume":"31","author":"Schmitt N.","year":"2009","unstructured":"SchmittN.. 2009. Human dendritic cells induce the differentiation of interleukin-21-producing T follicular helper-like cells through interleukin-12. Immunity 31:158\u2013169.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000202065.03366.0c","article-title":"Population-based analysis of meningococcal disease mortality in the United States: 1990-2002","volume":"25","author":"Sharip A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"SharipA.. 2006. Population-based analysis of meningococcal disease mortality in the United States: 1990-2002. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25:191\u2013194.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00028-7","article-title":"Neonatal and early life vaccinology","volume":"19","author":"Siegrist C. A","year":"2001","unstructured":"SiegristC. A. 2001. Neonatal and early life vaccinology. Vaccine 19:3331\u20133346.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.29-c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0906357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197404000-00537","article-title":"Disease prevention by meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide vaccine in preschool children: results after eleven months in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Taunay A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"TaunayA. GalvaoP. A. de MoraisJ. S. GotschlichE. C. FeldmanR. A.. 1974. Disease prevention by meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide vaccine in preschool children: results after eleven months in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr. Res. 8:429A.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00053.x","article-title":"Vaccination against meningococcal disease in Europe: review and recommendations for the use of conjugate vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Trotter C. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"TrotterC. L. RamsayM. E.. 2007. Vaccination against meningococcal disease in Europe: review and recommendations for the use of conjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 31:101\u2013107.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6883-6890.2000","article-title":"Maturation of human dendritic cells by cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin: involvement of Toll-like receptors","volume":"68","author":"Tsuji S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"TsujiS.. 2000. Maturation of human dendritic cells by cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin: involvement of Toll-like receptors. Infect. Immun. 68:6883\u20136890.","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7096","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7096","article-title":"Dendritic cell maturation induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives: monoacylated MDP confers TLR2\/TLR4 activation","volume":"174","author":"Uehori J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"UehoriJ.. 2005. Dendritic cell maturation induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives: monoacylated MDP confers TLR2\/TLR4 activation. J. Immunol. 174:7096\u20137103.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.06.040188.001343","article-title":"Structure and function of human and murine receptors for IgG","volume":"6","author":"Unkeless J. C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"UnkelessJ. C. SciglianoE. FreedmanV. H.. 1988. Structure and function of human and murine receptors for IgG. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 6:251\u2013281.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.12.046","article-title":"Neonatal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunization primes T cells for preferential Th2 cytokine expression: a randomized controlled trial in Papua New Guinea","volume":"27","author":"van den Biggelaar A. H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"van den BiggelaarA. H.. 2009. Neonatal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunization primes T cells for preferential Th2 cytokine expression: a randomized controlled trial in Papua New Guinea. Vaccine 27:1340\u20131347.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1086\/422651","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage after combined pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccination in children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media","volume":"39","author":"Veenhoven R. H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"VeenhovenR. H.. 2004. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage after combined pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccination in children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:911\u2013919.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200105)31:5<1531::AID-IMMU1531>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Neonatal bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination induces adult-like IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T lymphocytes","volume":"31","author":"Vekemans J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"VekemansJ.. 2001. Neonatal bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination induces adult-like IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:1531\u20131535.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Epidemics of meningococcal disease African meningitis belt","volume":"76","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2001. Epidemics of meningococcal disease African meningitis belt. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 76:281\u2013288.","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Meningitis in Chad, Niger and Nigeria: 2009 epidemic season","volume":"85","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2010. Meningitis in Chad, Niger and Nigeria: 2009 epidemic season. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 85:57\u201368.","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2001.580403.x","article-title":"CD27 expression in the human splenic marginal zone: the infant marginal zone is populated by naive B cells","volume":"58","author":"Zandvoort A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"ZandvoortA.. 2001. CD27 expression in the human splenic marginal zone: the infant marginal zone is populated by naive B cells. Tissue Antigens 58:234\u2013242.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.40.1.257-264.1983"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.05247-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.05247-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T08:05:02Z","timestamp":1686297902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.05247-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.05247-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.05247-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-06-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}