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The repeated vaccination is not helpful in the case of a sudden outbreak of JEV or when urgent travel to a high-JEV-risk region is required; however, there are few single-injection JE vaccine options. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of a single dose of a new effective JE virus-like particle preparation containing the JE envelope protein (JE-VLP). Although single administration with JE-VLP protected less than 50% of mice against lethal JEV infection, adding poly(\u03b3-glutamic acid) nanoparticles (\u03b3-PGA-NPs) or aluminum adjuvant (alum) to JE-VLP significantly protected more than 90% of the mice. A single injection of JE-VLP with either \u03b3-PGA-NPs or alum induced a significantly greater anti-JEV neutralizing antibody titer than JE-VLP alone. The enhanced titers were maintained for more than 6 months, resulting in long-lasting protection of 90% of the immunized mice. Although the vaccine design needs further modification to reach 100% protection, a single dose of JE-VLP with \u03b3-PGA-NPs may be a useful step in developing a next-generation vaccine to stop a JE outbreak or to immunize travelers or military personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05412-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T12:33:30Z","timestamp":1321533210000},"page":"17-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Poly-\u03b3-Glutamic Acid Nanoparticles and Aluminum Adjuvant Used as an Adjuvant with a Single Dose of Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Like Particles Provide Effective Protection from Japanese Encephalitis Virus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shigefumi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asato","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toyokazu","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takami","family":"Akagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Akashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Yamanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200500036","article-title":"In vitro enzymatic degradation of nanoparticles prepared from hydrophobically-modified poly(gamma-glutamic acid)","volume":"5","author":"Akagi T","year":"2005","unstructured":"AkagiT HigashiM KanekoT KidaT AkashiM. 2005. 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