{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:40:14Z","timestamp":1788972014333,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>New multivalent CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>-based conjugate vaccines are available for childhood immunization. Clinical studies were reviewed to assess meningococcal group C (MenC) antibody responses following MenC-CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>coadministration with CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>-based pneumococcal or<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:named-content>type b conjugate vaccines. Infants receiving a total CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>carrier protein dose of \u223c50 \u03bcg and concomitant diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP)-containing vaccine tended to have lower MenC geometric mean antibody titers and continued to have low titers after the toddler dose. Nevertheless, at least 95% of children in the reported studies achieved a MenC serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titer of \u22651:8 after the last infant or toddler dose. SBA was measured using an assay with a baby rabbit or human complement source. Additional studies are needed to assess long-term antibody persistence and MenC CRM<jats:sub>197<\/jats:sub>conjugate vaccine immunogenicity using alternative dosing schedules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05438-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T04:02:39Z","timestamp":1329364959000},"page":"551-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Increased CRM<sub>197<\/sub>Carrier Protein Dose on Meningococcal C Bactericidal Antibody Response"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lucia H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan S.","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073601_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.2.432-438.1993","article-title":"Non-epitope-specific suppression of the antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines by preimmunization with vaccine components","volume":"61","author":"Barington","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Conformational changes in diphtheria toxoids","volume":"218","author":"Bigio","year":"1987","journal-title":"Analysis with monoclonal antibodies. FEBS Lett."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3611-1.50027-1","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal common protein vaccines, p 531\u2013567","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Black","year":"2008","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00384-09","article-title":"Kinetics of antibody persistence following administration of a combination meningococcal serogroup C and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in healthy infants in the United Kingdom primed with a monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Borrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B5","article-title":"Optimisation of schedules for meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines driven by new immunogenicity and epidemiological data, abstr.OM40","author":"Borrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"17th Int. Pathog. Neisseria Conf"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.6.851","article-title":"Long-term protection in children with meningococcal C conjugate vaccination: lessons learned","volume":"5","author":"Borrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2011.05.004","article-title":"Biochemical and biological characteristics of cross-reacting material 197 (CRM(197)), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin: use as a conjugation protein in vaccines and other potential clinical applications","volume":"39","author":"Broker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.14.1751","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a combination pneumococcal-meningococcal vaccine in infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"293","author":"Buttery","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00529-09","article-title":"Updated postlicensure surveillance of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in England and Wales: effectiveness, validation of serological correlates of protection, and modeling predictions of the duration of herd immunity","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B10","first-page":"273","article-title":"Licensure of a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (Menveo) and guidance for use. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3611-1.50015-5","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae vaccines, p 157\u2013176","author":"Chandran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.020","article-title":"Short-term booster effect of diphtheria toxoid in initially long-term protected individuals","volume":"23","author":"Danilova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80424-X","article-title":"Comparative trial in infants of four conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines","volume":"120","author":"Decker","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181b9a831","article-title":"A randomized, multicenter, open-label clinical trial to assess the immunogenicity of a meningococcal C vaccine booster dose administered to children aged 14 to 18 months","volume":"29","author":"Diez-Domingo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B15","author":"Diez-Domingo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants and toddlers receiving routine vaccinations in Spain, abstr. 90827th Annu. Meet. Eur. Soc. Paediatr. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B16","unstructured":"FDA. 2011. Meningococcal (groups A, C Y and W-135) oligosaccharide diphtheria CRM197 conjugate vaccine package insert. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/Vaccines\/ApprovedProducts\/ucm201342.htm. Accessed 1 May 2011."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B17","unstructured":"FDA. 2011. Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (diphtheria CRM197 protein) package insert. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/Vaccines\/ApprovedProducts\/ucm201667.htm. Accessed 1 March 2011."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B17a","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. 2011. Vaccines and related biological products advisory committee meeting report, 6-7 April 2011. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/BloodVaccinesandOtherBiologics\/VaccinesandRelatedBiologicalProductsAdvisoryCommittee\/ucm241549.htm."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181c67f04","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a reduced schedule of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants and correlates of protection for serotype 6B in the United Kingdom","volume":"29","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000207483.60267.e7","article-title":"Immunogenicity and boosting after a reduced number of doses of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers","volume":"25","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B20","first-page":"243","article-title":"Simultaneous administration of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in children: a randomized double-blind study","volume":"25","author":"Halperin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Invest. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B21","author":"Indrawati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Development of an infant rhesus monkey model for preclinical evaluation of a novel 15-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine, abstr. 2287th Int. Symp. Pneumococci Pneumococcal Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44436.x","article-title":"Potential alterations in immunogenicity by combining or simultaneously administering vaccine components","volume":"754","author":"Insel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1086\/599117","article-title":"Phase III comparison of an investigational quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine with the licensed Meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccine in adolescents","volume":"49","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.018","article-title":"A randomised controlled study of the reactogenicity of an acellular pertussis-containing pentavalent infant vaccine compared to a quadrivalent whole cell pertussis-containing vaccine and oral poliomyelitis vaccine, when given concurrently with meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine to healthy UK infants at 2, 3 and 4 months of age","volume":"24","author":"Kitchin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035060","article-title":"A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection","volume":"349","author":"Klugman","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.053","article-title":"Comparative effects of carrier proteins on vaccine-induced immune response","volume":"29","author":"Knuf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.022","article-title":"Immunology of combining CRM(197) conjugates for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitis and Haemophilus influenzae in Chilean infants","volume":"27","author":"Lagos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.03.045","article-title":"Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine following its introduction in Spain","volume":"23","author":"Larrauri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.21.2795","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and induction of immunologic memory by a serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine in infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"283","author":"MacLennan","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1086\/527401","article-title":"Impact of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines on carriage and herd immunity","volume":"197","author":"Maiden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00299-7","article-title":"Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00315-09","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine administered concurrently with a combination diphtheria, tetanus, five-component acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, and Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine and a meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine at 2, 3, and 4 months of age","volume":"17","author":"Moss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-2791(72)90163-2","article-title":"An immunological study of the diphtheria toxin molecule","volume":"9","author":"Pappenheimer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Immunochemistry"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.10.3504-3510.1991","article-title":"Effect of carrier priming on immunogenicity of saccharide-protein conjugate vaccines","volume":"59","author":"Peeters","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.5.716","article-title":"Immunogenic correlation between cross-reacting material (CRM197) produced by a mutant of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and diphtheria toxoid","volume":"142","author":"Porro","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B36","first-page":"1","article-title":"An update on the invasive meningococcal disease and meningococcal vaccine conjugate recommendations","volume":"35","author":"Public Health Agency of Canada","year":"2009","journal-title":"An advisory committee statement (ACS). Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7385.365","article-title":"Herd immunity from meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England: database analysis","volume":"326","author":"Ramsay","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.46.3.560-564.1983","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae nontandem double lysogens hyperproducing CRM197","volume":"46","author":"Rappuoli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1086\/314753","article-title":"Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infancy and primes for memory","volume":"179","author":"Richmond","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.097","article-title":"A randomized study comparing the safety and immunogenicity of a conjugate vaccine combination containing meningococcal group C and pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide-CRM197 with a meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine in healthy infants: challenge phase","volume":"25","author":"Riddell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00377-06","article-title":"Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and immune memory after primary vaccination with a novel Haemophilus influenzae-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C conjugate vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Schmitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.041","article-title":"Two versus three doses of a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine concomitantly administered with a hexavalent DTaP-IPV-HBV\/Hib vaccine in healthy infants","volume":"26","author":"Schmitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1086\/324666","article-title":"Immune response of premature infants to meningococcal serogroup C and combined diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines","volume":"184","author":"Slack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00420-08","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a reduced schedule of meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine given concomitantly with the Prevenar and Pediacel vaccines in healthy infants in the United Kingdom","volume":"16","author":"Southern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.060","article-title":"Immunogenicity of one, two or three doses of a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid, given as a three-dose primary vaccination course in UK infants at 2, 3 and 4 months of age with acellular pertussis-containing DTP\/Hib vaccine","volume":"24","author":"Southern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000227725.61495.c4","article-title":"Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of primary immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine coadministered with two doses of a meningococcal C-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Tejedor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000145427.19167.35","article-title":"Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a three-dose primary vaccination course with a combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated polio-haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine coadministered with a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine","volume":"23","author":"Tejedor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16725-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4 years after introduction","volume":"364","author":"Trotter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.48","article-title":"Meningococcal vaccines and herd immunity: lessons learned from serogroup C conjugate vaccination programs","volume":"8","author":"Trotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"key20180919073601_B50","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. 2011. Menactra: summary basis of regulatory approval for use in children 9\u201323 months of age. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/Vaccines\/ApprovedProducts\/ucm176044.htm. Accessed 30 August 2011."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.40.100186.003305","article-title":"Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis","volume":"40","author":"Weiss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073601_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318199f609","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) when coadministered with different Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C conjugate vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Wysocki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.05438-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T19:06:01Z","timestamp":1686769561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.05438-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.05438-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.05438-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]]}}}