{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:33:38Z","timestamp":1764873218030},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human middle ear is devoid of any immunocompetent cells in normal mucosa. We sought to determine the source of antibody present in the middle ear of children. Total IgG, IgA, and secretory IgA antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from the nasopharyngeal, middle ear, and serum samples of children with acute otitis media. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis pattern of the entire array of IgA antibodies in the nasal wash (NW) and middle ear fluid (MEF) was compared from the MEF and NW samples using isoelectric focusing and Western blotting. The total IgG and IgA antibodies in the MEF and NW samples of 137 children were compared. The ratio of IgG to IgA in the MEF was significantly different (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.008) compared to NW because IgA levels were higher and IgG levels lower in NW. The IgG\/IgA ratio of MEF resembled serum consistent with transudation to the MEF. Small amounts of secretory IgA were detected in MEF but the electrophoresis patterns of the entire array of IgA antibodies in the MEF and NW were virtually identical in each child evaluated; thus, IgA in MEF derived predominantly from serum and the nasopharynx by reflux via the Eustachian tube. The IgG\/IgA antibody levels in the MEF and the same composition of IgA antibody in the MEF and NW identifies the predominant source of antibody in the MEF as a transudate of serum combined with nasal secretions refluxed from the nasopharynx in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05443-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,2]],"date-time":"2012-08-02T00:28:30Z","timestamp":1343867310000},"page":"1593-1596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Antibody in Middle Ear Fluid of Children Originates Predominantly from Sera and Nasopharyngeal Secretions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet R.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Pichichero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073625_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.01.042","article-title":"Development of antibodies against pneumococcal proteins alpha-enolase, immunoglobulin A1 protease, streptococcal lipoprotein rotamase A, and putative proteinase maturation protein A in relation to pneumococcal carriage and otitis media","volume":"22","author":"Adrian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073625_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.796-800.2000","article-title":"Intranasal immunization of mice with a mixture of the pneumococcal proteins PsaA and PspA is highly protective against nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"68","author":"Briles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. 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