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Increasing incidence of infections with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Paratyphi A and the spreading of its antibiotic-resistant derivates pose a significant health concern in some areas of the world. Herein, we describe a molecular and phenotypic characterization of an\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A strain accounted for a recent paratyphoid outbreak in Nepal that affected at least 37 travelers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the outbreak isolates revealed one genetic clone (pulsotype), confirming a single infecting source. Genetic profiling of the outbreak strain demonstrated the contribution of specific bacteriophages as a prime source of genetic diversity among clinical isolates of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A. Phenotypic characterization in comparison with the\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A ATCC 9150 reference sequenced strain showed differences in flagellar morphology and increased abilities of the outbreak strain with respect to its motility, invasion into nonphagocytic cells, intracellular multiplication, survival within macrophages, and higher induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secreted by host cells. Collectively, these differences suggest an enhanced virulence potential of this strain and demonstrate an interesting phenotypic variation among\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Paratyphi A isolates.\n            <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            profiling of 16 inflammatory cytokines in patients infected with the outbreak strain revealed a common profile of a remarkable gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) induction together with elevated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-15, but not IL-12, which was previously demonstrated as elevated in nontyphoidal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections. This apparent profile implies a distinct immune response to paratyphoid infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05468-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T05:07:55Z","timestamp":1324530475000},"page":"146-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Molecular and Cellular Characterization of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A Outbreak Strain and the Human Immune Response to Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ohad","family":"Gal-Mor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jotham","family":"Suez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Elhadad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Porwollik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Leshem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Medicine and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Valinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliezer","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Medicine and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galia","family":"Rahav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4579-4587.1998","article-title":"Evolution of host adaptation in Salmonella enterica","volume":"66","author":"Baumler AJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"BaumlerAJ TsolisRM FichtTA AdamsLG. 1998. 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