{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:09:45Z","timestamp":1782749385244,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we compared<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:named-content>IgG phase I, IgG phase II, and IgM phase II detection among a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Virion\/Serion), an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (Focus Diagnostics), and a complement fixation test (CFT) (Virion\/Serion). For this, we used a unique collection of acute- and convalescent-phase sera from 126 patients with acute Q fever diagnosed by positive<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:named-content>PCR of blood. We were able to establish a reliable date of onset of disease, since DNA is detectable within 2 weeks after the start of symptoms. In acute samples, at<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>= 0, IFAT demonstrated IgM phase II antibodies in significantly more sera than did ELISA (31.8% versus 19.7%), although the portion of solitary IgM phase II was equal for IFAT and for ELISA (18.2% and 16.7%, respectively). Twelve months after the diagnosis of acute Q fever, 83.5% and 62.2% of the sera were still positive for IgM phase II with IFAT and ELISA, respectively. At 12 months IFAT IgG phase II showed the slowest decline. Therefore, definitive serological evidence of acute Q fever cannot be based on a single serum sample in areas of epidemicity and should involve measurement of both IgM and IgG antibodies in paired serum. Based on IgG phase II antibody detection in paired samples (at 0 and 3 months) from 62 patients, IFAT confirmed more cases than ELISA and CFT, but the differences were not statically significant (100% for IFAT, 95.2% for ELISA, and 96.8% for CFT). This study demonstrated that the three serological tests are equally effective in diagnosing acute Q fever within 3 months of start of symptoms. In follow-up sera, more IgG antibodies were detected by IFAT than by ELISA or CFT, making IFAT more suitable for prevaccination screening programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.05581-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T02:36:24Z","timestamp":1337826984000},"page":"1110-1115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Evaluation of Commonly Used Serological Tests for Detection of Coxiella burnetii Antibodies in Well-Defined Acute and Follow-Up Sera"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"M. C. A.","family":"Wegdam-Blans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. C. H.","family":"Wielders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Meekelenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Korbeeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Herremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. T.","family":"Tjhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. A.","family":"Bijlmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P. G.","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Schneeberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073613_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811000021","article-title":"The application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or an immunofluorescent assay test leads to different estimates of seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in the population","volume":"140","author":"Blaauw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.001","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute Q fever with emphasis on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and nested polymerase chain reaction regarding the time of serum collection","volume":"68","author":"Boden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B3","first-page":"382","article-title":"Q fever in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2010","volume":"68","author":"Delsing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691965","article-title":"Comparison of immunofluorescence with enzyme immunoassay for detection of Q fever","volume":"15","author":"D'Harcourt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.22.4.484-487.1985","article-title":"Immunoglobulin responses in acute Q fever","volume":"22","author":"Dupuis","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3526-3529.2002","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting Coxiella burnetii-specific immunoglobulin G for Q fever prevaccination screening and diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"Field","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5094","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5094-5098.2003","article-title":"Comparison of PCR and serology assays for early diagnosis of acute Q fever","volume":"41","author":"Fournier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073613_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00009-11","article-title":"Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm for acute Q fever in an outbreak setting","volume":"18","author":"Jager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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