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To determine this, BALB\/c mice were treated with zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, the combination of both drugs, or vehicle only (control) via oral gavage for 21 days. On day 4 after dosing completion, the mice were infected intratracheally with 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Pneumocystis murina<\/jats:italic>organisms. Immune cell populations (in lung digest, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tracheobronchial lymph node, and bone marrow samples), the lung<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>burden, and serum<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>-specific antibody titers were determined at days 6, 10, and 20 postinfection. While total bone marrow cellularity was recovered by day 6 postinfection in the combination exposure group, B-cell numbers did not recover until 10 days postinfection, primarily due to the persistent depletion of the late pre-B-cell phenotype. The numbers of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, as well as the numbers of total B cells and activated B cells in tracheobronchial lymph nodes, were decreased at days 10 and 20 as a result of zidovudine plus sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim exposure compared to the numbers in the control group. No significant differences in lung lavage or lung digest cell populations were observed. There was a trend of a delay in<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>clearance in the combination treatment group, and<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>-specific serum immunoglobulin G titers were reduced at day 20 postinfection. Together, these data indicate that the combination of zidovudine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim adversely affects the humoral immune response to<jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.13.2.193-201.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,8]],"date-time":"2006-02-08T07:07:43Z","timestamp":1139382463000},"page":"193-201","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combination Exposure to Zidovudine plus Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim Diminishes B-Lymphocyte Immune Responses to<i>Pneumocystis murina<\/i>Infection in Healthy Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Feola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky"},{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Garvy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky"},{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03340350037024","volume":"251","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ammann, A. 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