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In this study, we demonstrate that continuous isoflurane anesthesia for 1 h after a lethal dose (20 mg\/kg of body weight) of<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in a significant increase in survival of C57BL\/6J (B6) mice in comparison with survival of nonanesthetized mice. Protection by anesthesia correlates with a delay in plasma LPS circulation, resulting in a delayed inflammatory response, particularly DNA binding activity of NF-\u03baB and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10. Disparate classes of anesthetic agents produce the same effects on the inflammatory response, which is also independent of the inbred mouse strain used. These results suggest that anesthesia has an important impact on the outcome from endotoxemia. 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