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Little information, however, is available about the chain of immunologic events that leads to the release of IL-17. The production of IL-17 has been linked to stimulation of memory cells by IL-15. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-15 is involved in the induction of arthritis associated with<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>vaccination and infection of mice. Here we present evidence that treatment of<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-vaccinated and -infected mice with anti-IL-15 antibody prevents swelling of the hind paws. More importantly, both anti-IL-15 antibody- and recombinant IL-15 receptor alpha-treated<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-vaccinated and -infected mice were free of major histopathologic indications of arthritis, including hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and vilus formation of the synovium. Similarly, the synovial space and perisynovium were free of inflammatory cells. By contrast, the synovium of nontreated<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-vaccinated and -infected mice had overt hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and vilus formation. Moreover, the synovial space and perisynovium were infiltrated with neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Finally, we show that recombinant IL-15 stimulates the release of IL-17 from lymph node cells obtained near the arthritic site. These results suggest that IL-15 plays a major role in orchestrating IL-17 induction of arthritis associated with<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-vaccinated and -infected mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.13.2.289-296.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,8]],"date-time":"2006-02-08T07:07:43Z","timestamp":1139382463000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anti-Interleukin-15 Prevents Arthritis in<i>Borrelia<\/i>-Vaccinated and -Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Corey A.","family":"Amlong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean T.","family":"Nardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Heil","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Callister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald F.","family":"Schell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.2.910","volume":"157","year":"1996","unstructured":"Agostini, C., L. 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