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It is an opportunistic human pathogen causing invasive aspergillosis with high mortality rates, and it has been isolated from clinical and environmental sources. The species is morphologically nearly identical to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>sensu stricto, and this similarity has resulted in their frequent misidentification. Comparative studies show that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. lentulus<\/jats:named-content>has some distinguishing growth features and decreased<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>susceptibility to several antifungal agents, including amphotericin B and caspofungin. Similar to the once-presumed-asexual<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>, it has only been known to reproduce mitotically. However, we now show that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. lentulus<\/jats:named-content>has a heterothallic sexual breeding system. A PCR-based mating-type diagnostic detected isolates of either the<jats:italic>MAT1-1<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>MAT1-2<\/jats:italic>genotype, and examination of 26 worldwide clinical and environmental isolates revealed similar ratios of the two mating types (38% versus 62%, respectively).<jats:italic>MAT1-1<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>MAT1-2<\/jats:italic>idiomorph regions were analyzed, revealing the presence of characteristic alpha and high-mobility-group (HMG) domain genes, together with other more unusual features such as a<jats:italic>MAT1-2-4<\/jats:italic>gene. We then demonstrated that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. lentulus<\/jats:named-content>possesses a functional sexual cycle with mature cleistothecia, containing heat-resistant ascospores, being produced after 3 weeks of incubation. Recombination was confirmed using molecular markers. However, isolates of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. lentulus<\/jats:named-content>failed to cross with highly fertile strains of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>, demonstrating reproductive isolation between these sibling species. The discovery of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. lentulus<\/jats:named-content>sexual stage has significant implications for the management of drug resistance and control of invasive aspergillosis associated with this emerging fungal pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00040-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,7]],"date-time":"2013-05-07T00:49:53Z","timestamp":1367887793000},"page":"962-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Discovery of a Sexual Cycle in Aspergillus lentulus, a Close Relative of A. fumigatus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sameira S.","family":"Swilaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line M.","family":"O'Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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